Francisco García Calderón (1883–1953) was one of the most prestigious Spanish American intellectuals during the first decades of the twentieth century, when he was considered “the best interpreter of the continent’s realities.” A Peruvian national, he was born in Valparaíso while his father (then provisional president of Peru) was held prisoner by the Chilean government following the negotiations that ended the War of the Pacific. The family returned to Peru in 1889, and settled in Lima, where García Calderón grew up. He studied philosophy and letters at the Universidad de San Marcos, graduating in 1903. He soon rose to prominence among a new generation of intellectuals, particularly when the Uruguayan José Enrique Rodó wrote the prologue of his first book De litteris (1904). In 1906, he moved with his mother and siblings to Paris, where he spent the next four decades of his life. His book Les démocraties latines de l’Amérique was first published in French with a preface by the French president Raymond Poincaré, in 1912. While some fragments of the book appeared in Spanish in 1951, the full first Spanish version was published by the Biblioteca Ayacucho in Caracas in 1979.

Surrogate produce enactments in three-dimensional surrogate spaces which depict events at times and places distinct from the here and now. Within the enactments surrogates do what people do. They do not explain what they are doing to the signer’s addressee. But by expressing their thoughts, they help an addressee understand what is happening within an enactment. At times, signers help clarify events in an enactment with brief simultaneous characterizations of what is happening in the enactment. They do not mention the physical details of the enactments because the surrogate’s gestures and facial expressions are there for an addressee to witness. Enactments frequently utilize meaningful, conventionalized handshapes. Enactments with these handshapes have apparently led to the creation of lexical forms, which include those meaningful handshapes. Their articulations also resemble the depictions from which they are derived, which makes it difficult to distinguish between the articulation of a lexical form and a gestural depiction which resembles that lexical form. Finally, the enactments provide no support for the idea that ‘role shifting’ is grammatically marked.

This chapter explores Germany’s legal relationship with European integration, particularly the interplay between the German Constitutional Court (BVerfG) and the European Court of Justice (ECJ). It highlights the tension arising from the ECJ’s constitutional interpretation of European law and the role of the BVerfG in balancing constitutional requirements under the Basic Law. Predominant focus falls on the evolution of the Solange doctrine developed by the BVerfG, which conditionally accepts the ECJ’s primacy based on a theory of structural congruence - ensuring democratic accountability, rule of law, and rights protection in European governance comparable to Germany’s standards. The development of the structural congruence idea, how it came to inform the BVerfG, and its place in historical debates among German legal scholars all fall under the spotlight. It concludes that while the BVerfG has often admonished the ECJ, its critique aims to ensure a cohesive and democratic European constitutional order.

Many types of antenatal stress, not only a diagnosed mental illness, can alter fetal development with a long-lasting effect on the child. There is an increased risk of many types of neurodevelopmental disorder in the child, as well as some physical problems such as asthma, although most children are not affected; the underlying biological mechanisms include alterations in the function of the placenta, the HPA axis and immune system, and epigenetic changes in the child; the impact may be even greater in lower- and middle-income countries, with added stresses due to poverty, food insecurity and high levels of domestic violence among other factors; the implications are that the mental well-being of all pregnant women should be considered and causes of stress addressed where possible. These stresses include the relationship with the partner, pregnancy-related anxiety, exposure to a disaster, or early childhood trauma.

Published studies examining medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) in perinatal women are thin on the ground. Keyword searches of research databases bring up titles such as ‘Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology – a neglected field?’ However, whilst there is little research on this narrow topic, there is an extensive literature on MUS in other populations. This chapter draws mainly upon that literature and attempts to apply it to pregnancy and the puerperium in a way that will, it is hoped, prove clinically useful.

The Roman Empire was rooted in violent acts. The spread of Roman control over the provinces was a lengthy process, but one that fundamentally changed the nature of political relationships. Settlers extruded from Italy. Large amounts of wealth changed hands. Land tenure was reconfigured. The population was divided first into provinces, then into assize districts. Subject populations were registered, counted, and taxed. The process put immense amounts of strain on the internal structures of communities. Roman governors were tasked with administering this new political landscape, where their position was tenuous. They distrusted new local elites who, along with Roman settlers, were prone to take advantage of local people. These same people were also responsible for tax collection, which, along with keeping the peace, was the governor’s ultimate responsibility. This systemic tension opened a space for provincial legalism.

The study of Dirichlet series and their analytic properties lies at the heart of number theory, with deep connections to the distribution of primes and arithmetic invariants of number fields. A fundamental example is the L-series associated with Dirichlet characters, which generalizes the Riemann zeta function and play a crucial role in Dirichlet’s theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions. The behavior of these L-series at s = 1 is particularly significant, as shown in Dirichlet’s class number formula for quadratic fields, which links the value at s = 1 of a L-series to the class number via the Dedekind zeta function of a quadratic number field. Key to evaluating these L-series at s = 1 are Gauss sums, particularly the determination of the sign of the quadratic Gauss sum. We carry out this computation using the discrete Fourier transform following Ram Murty’s approach. This computation also yields another proof of quadratic reciprocity, formulated directly for the Jacobi symbol.

Andrés Molina Enríquez (1868–1940) was born in Jilotepec, Mexico. A lawyer and journalist, his work as a public notary made him familiar with land-related conflicts during the Porfiriato. He spent time in prison during the provisional government of Francisco León de la Barra (1911). A leading spokesman for agrarian reform, Molina considered it necessary to resort to authoritarian means to control the conflicting interests that pervaded Mexican society; hence his apparent support for Porfirio Díaz’s policies as well as the paternalistic approaches of revolutionary Mexico. He occupied several important technical government positions until his death in 1940. The current selection is taken from his Los grandes problemas nacionales, which was in turn based on his articles for the periodical El Tiempo. As is the case with many other intellectuals of the period, Molina’s analysis of social issues is laden with racial assumptions.