This article revitalises the debate on European citizenship by redefining its meaning within the EU and contributing to a broader understanding of constitutional transformation under conditions of post-national governance. Moving beyond the comparative method that evaluates European citizenship through the lens of national citizenship, it reorients the analytical focus to the interaction between national and European rights and introduces the concept of European Material Citizenship. This new form of citizenship reflects a normative shift in the regulation of social, political and economic relations within a constitutional order reshaped by European integration. While national citizenship synthesised the normative ideal constituting and regulating the relationship between the nation-state and individuals, European Material Citizenship synthesises the normative ideal governing a far more complex constitutional geometry – composed of European institutions, Member States and citizens.

The active-layer model used to account for mixed-size sediment morphodynamic processes may be ill-posed under certain circumstances. Well-posedness guarantees the existence of a unique solution continuously depending on the problem data. When a model becomes ill-posed, infinitesimal perturbations to a solution grow infinitely fast. Apart from the fact that this behaviour cannot represent a physical process, numerical simulations of an ill-posed model continue to change as the grid is refined. For this reason, ill-posed models cannot be used as predictive tools. There exists a regularisation strategy based on a preconditioning method that guarantees that the one-dimensional active-layer model is well-posed. Here, we show that the extension of this strategy to two dimensions does not regularise the model and we propose a different regularisation strategy based on diffusion that guarantees that both the one-dimensional and two-dimensional active-layer models are well-posed. We implement the strategy in Delft3D Flexible Mesh and show an application.

This study investigates convection in a non-isothermal spherical Taylor–Couette flow (sTC) under the influence of the dielectrophoretic (DEP) force. The convective flow is driven by differential rotation of the inner and outer boundaries rotating with $\varOmega$ and $\Delta {\varOmega }$ in combination of an electric tension applied between both shells to induce thermo-electrohydrodynamic (TEHD) convection. To understand the interaction between DEP force-driven and rotation-driven mechanisms, we first analysed TEHD convection and non-isothermal sTC flow independently. For the TEHD case, we establish scaling relations for heat transport by expressing the Nusselt number, ${\textit{Nu}}$, as a function of the electric Rayleigh number, ${\textit{Ra}}_{{E}}$, and the kinetic energy density, $\tilde {E}_k$. These relations are evaluated against classical models of convection to assess consistency and deviations. A similar approach was applied to the non-isothermal sTC flow in the absence of the DEP force, where we identified axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric flow regimes which were classified by ${\textit{Nu}}$, $\tilde {E}_k$ and $\Delta {\varOmega }$, and developed corresponding scaling relations. When both mechanisms were active, ${\textit{Nu}}$ generally increased, however, the DEP force locally suppressed angular momentum transport, especially near the equator. This interplay revealed three distinct regimes: (A) DEP force-dominated TEHD convection, (C) rotation-dominated non-isothermal sTC flow and (B) a transitional regime with reduced heat transport. A decomposition of a derived inflow Nusselt number, ${\textit{Nu}}^q$, based on conductive and convective contributions, further elucidated the underlying heat transport mechanism.

The libretto and score of Richard Wagner’s famous tetralogy, Der Ring des Nibelungen, were influenced by various philosophers, including Ludwig Feuerbach and Arthur Schopenhauer. Several themes within these Gesamtkunstwerke, including authenticity, compassion, idealism, and love, have subsequently received detailed philosophical attention. Lacking, however, is a systematic philosophical interpretation of legal symbolism within The Ring Cycle. Providing such an interpretation helps illuminate the legal-philosophical richness of Wagner’s thought, which has, perhaps understandably, been overlooked not only within Wagner studies but also within contemporary jurisprudence. Moreover, elucidating legal symbolism within the tetralogy brings to light an underappreciated form of legal-philosophical cognition: the fundamentally aesthetic exercise of finding and appreciating legal meaning through layered harmony. I begin this task by examining six such symbols within Das Rheingold. My interpretive method is self-consciously “creative”: Although I draw extensively upon Wagner’s libretto and score, I present Rheingold as a living cultural artefact of contemporary jurisprudential relevance. It explores, to a high level of sophistication, several issues currently debated within general jurisprudence, including the nature of law, and its relationship with authority, domination, and violence. Viewed from this perspective, Rheingold discloses, both on stage and within its soundworld, a discrete and troubling Wagnerian conception of legality that both challenges existing jurisprudential debates and renders them more visceral.

When Thomas Ellwood repeatedly flouted his father’s command in 1659 to stay away from the Quakers, his behaviour provoked bitter family quarrels and a beating, until his father eventually found a surprising solution: he confiscated all his son’s hats. Thomas became in effect a prisoner in the house, accepting that it would be unthinkable to go outside without a hat. However strange to us today, this made perfect sense to contemporaries, and such episodes remind us that the multifaceted conventions surrounding dress played an important role in early modern culture. When, where, and how hats were worn, and the gestures in which they featured, conveyed signals about identity and status, could sustain, display, or defy social hierarchies and relationships, and asserted political or religious loyalties.

Dispersion in turbulent flows is of broad interest in engineering and environmental processes, particularly for rivers, lakes and oceanic water bodies. Based on our streamwise dispersion model grounded in a Lagrangian perspective of convection–diffusion dynamics (Guan & Chen, 2024, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 980, A33), this work presents a comprehensive solution that consistently unifies dispersion across the Reynolds number spectrum, bridging laminar and turbulent regimes. The streamwise dispersion mechanism is general across time scales, yet its statistical behaviour cannot be fully described using conventional coarse-grained moments averaged over cross-sections. While classical drift–diffusion models that are effective for long-time asymptotics fail to capture the turbulent dynamics of the pre-asymptotic phase, our analytical model enables a complete spatio-temporal characterisation of concentration, and reveals how local statistics evolve towards their asymptotic, coarse-grained limits. Through asymptotic expansions and eigenfunction analysis, we quantify the time-dependent behaviour of phenomenological dispersion coefficients, and distinguish between local and mean statistics, which diverge significantly during the pre-asymptotic phase. The early regime exhibits robust features, including an overshoot in local dispersivity, asymmetric long tails in mean concentration, and island-shaped solute accumulation near the free surface. Three regimes are identified in the evolution of the local concentration: (i) an initially uniform line source, (ii) a transitional logarithmic profile shaped by vertical shear, and (iii) an emergent Gaussian dispersion regime approaching vertical uniformity. Comparisons of both local and mean concentration demonstrate quantitative agreement with finite difference and Monte Carlo simulations across all regimes. These findings clarify the interplay between shear and turbulent diffusion, laying a foundation for addressing more intricate and physically significant transport problems.

Individuals with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). We assessed how dietary counselling on a high-quality, fibre-rich diet influenced the cardiometabolic health profile of patients with type 2 diabetes. In this 6-month trial, 121 patients with type 2 diabetes (67±8.7 years, 68% men, mean body mass index 27.8 kg/m2) were assigned to dietary counselling (n=61) or continued standard care (n=60). Counselling included 4-7 individual sessions with a dietitian, aimed at increasing fibre-rich food intake to improve diet quality. As the primary outcome, a composite cardiovascular risk score was used to estimate 10-year CVD risk. Secondary outcomes included changes in diet quality, assessed by the Dutch Healthy Eating Index-2015 (DHD15-index), HbA1c, LDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, body weight, and medication use. Mean diet quality score (DHD15-index) at baseline was 115±26 and was similar across groups. Over 6 months, DHD15-index scores improved by 4.5 points (95%CI: -0.2; 9.1) in the intervention group vs control, but not significant. The change in 10-year CVD risk across the 6 months of the trial (primary outcome) did not differ between groups -0.1%, 95%CI: -0.2; 0.1. Changes over time in HbA1c (-1.1 mmol/mol, 95%CI: -4.4; 2.3), LDL-cholesterol (0.0 mmol/L, 95%CI: -0.1; 0.1), blood pressure (-1 mmHg, 95%CI: -6; 4), body weight (-0.1 kg, 95%CI: -1.2; 1.1), or medication use did not differ between groups. Dietary counselling for 6 months slightly improved adherence to a high-quality, fibre-rich diet in patients with type 2 diabetes but did not significantly impact cardiometabolic health or medication use.

Pete Townshend is a rock musician, and around him and the Who there is an important literature. However, his religious universe has been less studied, and it constitutes a fundamental part of his music and personal life. This article focuses on its three main dimensions: voluntary religion, unconscious reflections, and becoming a divinity to fans. The search for identity seems to underlie all three, in either individual or collective processes, as seen in Townshend’s songs, performance rituals, and fans’ devotion. Pete Townshend addressed God in deep and heartfelt prayers, through a medium as secular and aggressive as the Who’s rock, in the struggle to find who he was.

Climate change driven by human activity has emerged as a determinant factor in the acceleration of global biodiversity loss, with bird species among the most impacted vertebrate groups. Parrots (family Psittacidae) are particularly vulnerable due to their specialised habitats, strong dependence on forested ecosystems, and additional pressures such as illegal wildlife trade and hunting. This review assesses the current scientific understanding of how climate change affects the biodiversity, distribution, physiology, and conservation status of Psittacidae worldwide. An extensive literature search was conducted covering publications from 2000 to 2022 to synthesise key findings on habitat loss, changing climatic patterns, morphological adaptations, and species resilience. Habitat loss was indicated as the predominant threat, compounded by climate-induced alterations in breeding and foraging behaviours. The review emphasises the need for integrated conservation actions, including habitat restoration, ecological corridors, and community involvement. By identifying research gaps and future directions, this paper contributes to strengthening global strategies for Psittacidae conservation under climate change scenarios.