A fictional covenant is established to inquire into humanity. Benjamin Franklin’s writings help define the tasks of the covenant. The fragmentation of the German nation is lamented. Frederick the Great’s correspondence with Voltaire is cited at length to provide insight into the problems facing a monarch confronted with German disunity, war, and the ideal of Humanity. The personal and political failures of Emperor Joseph II are the subject of discussion, introduce by Friedrich Gottlob Klopstock’s ode to Joseph. Contemporary German poetry is described in prophetic terms, but it fails to address contemporary political issues. The chapter closes with Friedrich Leopold Graf zu Stolberg’s Ode to the Crown Prince of Denmark.

The chapter appraises David Lewis’s seminal work on truth in fiction. This will allow us to make an important distinction between three uses of fictive discourse, including the one that Lewis’s work focuses on: discourse characterizing the content of fictions. The chapter examines variations of standard criticisms of Lewis’s account, aiming to show that, if developed as Lewis suggests in his 1983 “Postscript A,” his proposals on the topic are – as Hanley puts it – as good as it gets. Thus elaborated, Lewis’s account can resist these objections, and it offers a better picture of fictional discourse than recent resurrections of other classic works of the 1970s by Kripke, van Inwagen, and Searle. The turn that Lewis suggests, and which the chapter recommends, draws on the remaining outstanding contribution from that time, that of Walton, which is to be examined in Chapter 3.

According to Kant, it is possible to differentiate between legitimate and illegitimate laws by means of a certain formal procedure. His criterion for the legitimacy of a draft law is whether or not it corresponds to the ‘General Will’ of a people. The test question Kant has in mind is this: could a people give its consent to a proposed particular law? This chapter discusses the question of how this ‘General Will Test’ (GWT) is related to the Categorical Imperative (CI). As it will turn out, normatively valid laws are justified, in Kant’s view, by the fact that their content is established in a significantly non-ideal way, by a quasi-CI, namely the GWT. Thus, an intermediary position between the two mutually exclusive standard interpretations of Kant’s political philosophy is defended: the ‘derivation reading’ and the ‘separation reading’.

The Epilogue explores the transformative impact of cartographic exchanges between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. The book adopted a "diving bell" approach to uncover the deep connections between Chinese and Western cartographic traditions, arguing that translation played a crucial role in shaping world geography. These exchanges led to hybrid maps and a global Renaissance, illustrating that knowledge was shared reciprocally. The chapter underscores the diverse motivations behind map translations, from territorial disputes to identity construction, and how these interactions influenced the perception of China and the West. Ultimately, the book reveals how these exchanges contributed to the modern world map and the global perspective we share today.

The last few decades have seen the publication of a vast trove of primary documents concerning the Schumanns, including diaries, letters, and official documents. Biographers today have access to far more information about the couple than either of their earliest biographers, Wilhelm Joseph von Wasielewski and Berthold Litzmann, each of whom was constrained in various ways by the limited material available to them and by their biases. Yet because of their associations with the Schumann family, Wasielewski and Litzmann are treated as primary sources and their biographies are regarded as authoritative. While both accounts can be useful to modern-day biographers, they should be read critically, and their assumptions and conclusions should be interrogated.

This chapter considers neuroscience translations and attempts to apply our knowledge of the nervous system in practical approaches. I start by discussing the traditional areas of translation, neurology and psychiatry, and the extent to which a focus on neurobiological aspects can help in addressing these conditions. I then turn to more recent claims that neuroscience can inform educational practice, including claims of pharmacological cognitive enhancement, and neurocriminology claims that we will be able to predict and prevent criminal behaviour by identifying the neural mechanisms involved. The discussion covers brain imaging and heritability approaches that try to identify biological bases that can be targeted in translations and interventions, highlighting the caveats associated with these approaches and the claims made from them.

This section describes the various components of the case, including keywords, pre-reading reflection, the case itself, discussion questions, research topics, and reading resources.

This chapter examines the sudden shift in sentiment among prominent American artists in the Vietnam era that led to the protests of 1969 and 1970. While for U.S. officials

Saciid, a seventy-one-year-old Somali man, collapsed at home. His family began CPR, and he was admitted to our ICU where he was intubated and sedated. He underwent surgical embolization for a large liver hematoma. His GI bleeding continued; he had a large open wound and was septic. Intubated and extubated several times, his family was told there were no restorative options. However, he rallied such that he was extubated and discharged to a skilled nursing facility. A month later he was readmitted with pulmonary complications, sepsis, and a nonhealing wound. Family was told he would not survive, but they pressed for all possible medical treatments. Distrustful of our medical prognoses, they micromanaged his care, disregarding his grave condition. Systemic inconsistencies, including rotating doctors and nurses, terminology differences, and communication challenges between different services created confusion. Told more than once he would not survive the night, his family found him alive the next morning. As long as they could pray with him, it was worthwhile to do everything to prolong his life. Ethics was consulted for multiple issues including the family’s frustration with communication, their expectation of aggressive treatment, and Saciid’s caregivers’ distress with providing care they considered harmful and futile.