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The performance of poetry across the sixteenth century was often curated and received as a multimedia experience. Verse might be written down by hand or published in print, but this did not exclude its oral performance, as poets and performers read aloud from the text, spoke from memory or combined memory and invention in varying degrees to create improvised or semi-improvised performances. This chapter takes a deliberately long view of the sounds and spectacle of poetry in order to explore the ways in which elements of performance could be shared and contrasted across and between ‘high’ and ‘low’ contexts and settings, from professional street singers aiming to earn a living from their performances of canonical authors in the piazza to elite gatherings of humanists performing erotic verse in private interiors and to women poets singing on stage in a recreation of the classical pastoral tradition.
This chapter highlights work undertaken on behalf of the UK Police Force’s National Negotiation Group, which ultimately formed part of an impact case study submitted to the UK’s Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2021. The project was designed to showcase how ‘linguistics in action’ can inform and improve police crisis negotiation training, and explored forty-two crisis incidents representative of different crisis incidents using a combination of (quantitative) corpus linguistic techniques and (qualitative) pragmatic analysis. In addition to introducing the author’s argument for basing crisis negotiation (training) on the what, the why, and, very importantly, the linguistic how of conducting crisis negotiation (Archer & Stott, 2020: see also Archer & Smithson, 2015; Archer et al. 2018; Archer, 2020), the chapter reflects upon on the possibility of future applications and potential barriers to such continuing impact. This inspires a discussion, in turn, as to whether/the extent to which ‘practitioners’ perceive measurements of impact differently to processes like the REF (Anderson et al., 2017) and a potential need, in consequence, to (re)assess the notion of ‘impact’ within academia.
The Introduction provides an overview of trademark laws that implicate the right to freedom of expression. It also introduces the concept of inherently valuable expression in trademark law. Examples include descriptive trademarks; popular phrases and designs claimed as marks for T-shirts and other types of expressive merchandise; political and social messages; words, names, and symbols important to religious or indigenous communities; popular colors and shapes; and culturally significant creative works claimed as trademarks. The introduction also discusses the proposed free speech framework for trademark law. Government decision-makers should (1) identify the purpose of this specific trademark law and determine whether it is sufficiently important; (2) evaluate whether that particular trademark law directly and materially furthers its purpose; and (3) determine whether this trademark law endangers free speech, and ensure that it suppresses or chills protected expression no more than necessary in pursuit of that important purpose. The introduction concludes with an overview of trademark registration and enforcement laws that may potentially conflict with the free expression right.
The classical problem of steady rarefied gas flow past an infinitely thin circular disk is revisited, with particular emphasis on the gas behaviour near the disk edge. The uniform flow is assumed to be perpendicular to the disk surface. An integral equation for the velocity distribution function, derived from the linearised Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook model of the Boltzmann equation and subject to diffuse reflection boundary conditions, is solved numerically. The numerical method fully accounts for the discontinuity in the velocity distribution function that arises due to the presence of the edge. It is found that a kinetic boundary layer forms near the disk edge, extending over several mean free paths, and that its magnitude scales as $\textit{Kn}^{1/2}$ as the Knudsen number $\textit{Kn}$ (defined with respect to the disk radius) tends to zero. A thermal polarisation effect, previously studied for spherical geometries, is also observed in the disk case, with a more pronounced manifestation near the edge that exhibits the same $\textit{Kn}^{1/2}$ scaling. The drag force acting on the disk is computed over a wide range of Knudsen numbers and shows good agreement with existing results for a hard-sphere gas and in the near-free-molecular regime.
Chapter 5 focuses on two biographical compilations of Afro-Argentines who are considered role models for the community. These biographies not only present a written portrait of each individual but also include a corresponding visual portrait, a feature that enriches the compilations. They were an attempt to construct an Afro-Argentine memory and imaginary, and the construction of this collective memory implied affection, bonds of proximity, and even intimacy The inclusion of portraits shows how important images were to the promoters of the publication in their role as mentors of the community. On the one hand, the inclusion of engravings was a way of complying with the precepts of progress and civilization, given the growing development of illustrated publications at the time. On the other hand, the possibility of seeing and recognizing the faces of notable people implied an affective dimension of which Afro-Porteño intellectuals were aware. This was because, in addition to being individuals who enjoyed a certain prestige (to a greater or lesser extent) not only within the group but also in the rest of Buenos Aires society, the members of the community were in almost daily contact with them and their relatives, often as friends.
This article examines the portrayal of social class and conviviality in Aristophanes’ Wasps 1208–15 and argues that the passage—in which Bdelycleon corrects Philocleon’s clumsy reclining as he prepares to attend an elite symposion—assumes that Philocleon (though a man of modest means) is no novice to reclined symposia, merely to the elegance expected of wealthy symposiasts. It is argued that the exchange between father and son focusses on reclining elegantly rather than on more rudimentary points, and that the passage’s language of haste suggests the matter is viewed as a trivial preliminary to more important components of Philocleon’s sympotic education. The article then considers external evidence supporting the argument that symposia were widespread through the social spectrum in fifth-century Athens, although more modest symposia did not employ costly paraphernalia such as banqueting klinai. Based on this external evidence and on consideration of the terminology in Wasps 1208–15, it is further argued that a klinê would have been used as a prop during the scene and that the scene centres on Philocleon’s unfamiliarity with using this costly piece of furniture rather than on more general ignorance of reclined conviviality. This conclusion has implications for sympotic scholarship, which remains divided on the extent to which symposia were restricted to the wealthy elite in Classical Athens. This article provides support for the position that sympotic conviviality was widespread across the social spectrum and that differences between elite and non-elite symposia centred on paraphernalia (such as banqueting klinai) and behavioural norms.
This chapter describes the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) and the mhGAP-Intervention Guide (mhGAP-IG) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), aimed at scaling up suicide prevention and management services to bridge unmet need.The mhGAP-IG is an evidence-based tool for mental disorders with structured and operationalised guidelines for clinical decision-making targeting non-specialist community and primary care workers in low and middle-income countries (LMICs).
This chapter considers Clara’s 1842 tour in Northern Germany and Copenhagen – the first after her 1840 marriage and the 1841 birth of her first child – and the tensions that arose between her professional ambitions and socially-prescribed responsibilities as wife and mother. Drawing from correspondence and the Schumanns’ marriage diaries, I trace how Clara eased those tensions through rhetorical manoeuvres and performance strategies that transformed her work in the masculine public sphere of touring into the work expected of her in the feminine private sphere of the home. Tropes of sacrifice such as familial care feature heavily in how Clara justified to Robert (and to herself) her desire to continue touring after 1840. Additionally, her performance style and repertoire choices on tour are linked to images of the caring mother. This analysis highlights the unique forms taken by women’s labour in the creation of artistic cultures during the era of separate spheres.
This chapter looks at forms of uncertainty that occur at different stages of married life. A central question here is what does uncertainty produce? The chapter focuses partly on Malay protagonists and on two particularly fragile moments in Malay marriage: during betrothal and, counterintuitively, much later on, after several decades, when one might expect marriages to be highly stable. The former was a pattern familiar from earlier research. But some older Malay women spoke of a more recent trend – for husbands of many years to marry a younger woman polygamously. Meanwhile, other, non-Malay, couples have adopted unconventional living arrangements or have taken unusual paths to suit their particular circumstances. In considering how different kinds of marital uncertainty play out, the significance of expectations about marriage and the registers of temporality through which they are calibrated and recalibrated are illuminated. The force of unanticipated events stimulates the reflection of protagonists and their consociates – as readers may recognise from their own experiences – reformulating ideas of what is appropriate or acceptable behaviour, and precipitating new ethical stances.
The aim of this book is to provide evidence to inform the development and implementation of suicide prevention globally. It covers a range of topics that are relevant from local to national levels. It has an unapologetic emphasis on social determinants of suicide and a global perspective, with utility across the world as a primary resource by practitioners and policymakers. It aims at accessibility, with an emphasis on what can be achieved given the current knowledge base.
A central message of this book is the importance of using rigorous evidence to guide suicide prevention, whilst recognising that the best evidence is always partial. Key research is cited in the text and readers are, in places, directed to public-domain digital resources. The book aims to have relevance in low- and middle-income countries, as well as in high-income countries. It is not a country-by-country international overview.
By the early 1930s, the Nazi movement had been dramatically transformed. The medical profession, for example, became heavily influenced by the Nazi movement. Michael Kater estimated that doctors were over-represented in the Nazi Party by a factor of three by the end of Weimar and that 45 per cent joined during the Third Reich. Republican contemporaries were, understandably, scathing critics of National Socialist ideology, but they were mistaken to write off the Nazi movement as being driven solely or even primarily by crassly wrongheaded utopianism or millenarianism. The Republic's welfare system, upgraded as recently as 1927, was in complete disarray from mid-1930 onwards. A contributory system, it was hit by falling receipts and simultaneously rising expenditure once unemployment in Germany began to surge. Forced auctions and dispossessions had become commonplace in rural Germany.