This chapter identifies three distinct benefits of organized sports. Basic benefits are the physical and emotional benefits of sports that flow to all participants. Special benefits are the tangible and intangible rewards that flow only to the winners. Group benefits are the self-esteem and social-status benefits that nonparticipants receive from seeing a member of their group celebrated. The chapter argues that at the recreational and early childhood levels, the values governing the basic benefits of sports should drive eligibility rules and transgender girls should be included. At the elite level of varsity high school and college sports, the values governing special and group benefits should drive eligibility rules and transgender girls should be included, except where transgender athletes dominate the winner’s circle.

The Introduction justifies a new history of ancient Greek democracies based on the proliferation of new archaeological discoveries, advances in scholarship, and the need for an up-to-date synthesis. Democracy was not limited to Classical Athens (480–323 BCE) but spread throughout the Greek world over the fourth through second centuries BCE. Ancient Greek democracies represent a phenomenon specific to the historical and cultural context of the ancient Mediterranean, but they still have much to teach us today.

Over the last 30 years, a number of possible definitions of Sobolev and BV spaces in the metric setting have been proposed by various authors, and a priori it is not known whether they are equivalent. In this monograph, we decided to work with the definition of Newtonian spaces proposed by Shanmugalingam. In this appendix, we present several other approaches present in the literature and comment on their relationship and dependence on the exponent. The first general result concerning the equivalence of the most common definitions of Sobolev spaces was proved by Ambrosio, Gigli, and Savaré in the case p > 1; similar results were subsequently shown for the BV spaces and for the Sobolev space with exponent equal to one. To give a complete historical overview, we present here several variants of definitions and several equivalence results. We also discuss the dependence of the minimal p-weak upper gradient on the exponent. Throughout this appendix, as in the whole monograph, we assume that the metric space is complete, separable, and equipped with a non-negative Borel measure which is finite on bounded subsets.

Advocacy is a broad term, arising from the Latin word ‘advocare’ meaning ‘coming to the aid of someone’. Implied in this definition is the concept of lending one’s own power to the cause of another. The power to direct the goals of any advocacy effort should remain with the individual or group that will benefit from the advocacy campaign. Advocacy can be misdirected if the voices of the individuals for whom advocacy is sought do not speak, or are not sufficiently heard.

Many of the authors in this book have shared their experiences advocating for change. In this chapter, we will explore how advocacy can occur by examining where within the system advocacy efforts can be directed, the process of planning, implementing and evaluating advocacy, and how an individual can determine where to focus their efforts. We will also draw on examples from various authors, illustrating how and why they undertake their work, and the lessons they have learned through their advocacy journeys.

This chapter offers insight into some of the kinds of positions people can take in their emotional and personal journeys as advocates within medical training. It includes people in different positions in their advocacy journeys, offering their visions for the kinds of changes that need to happen to make a difference to sexual harassment in medicine. May Erlinger writes from her perspective as a medical student, describing the personal and emotional journey of becoming mobilised around sexual harassment in Australia. Becky Cox and Chelcie Jewitt are the co-founders of ‘Surviving in Scrubs’, an online campaign to tackle the problem of sexism, sexual harassment, and sexual assault in the healthcare workforce. They launched Surviving in Scrubs as doctors in training in the UK, giving a voice to women and non-binary survivors in healthcare to raise awareness of the problem, and to demonstrate the diversity of lived experience that needs to be addressed. Louise Stone and Fiona Moir are senior medical educators, who have had senior roles in medical student and GP training in Australia and New Zealand. They discuss the range of roles and challenges they have addressed in managing professionalism, wellbeing and professional identity formation in policy, teaching and leadership.

The introduction begins with the book’s central argument: Egyptian cultural and media institutions have constructed a coherent state project after the 1952 revolution through a praxis of ‘achievement’ (ingāz, pl. ingazāt). Inspired by the anthropology of bureaucracy and the state, the book intervenes in the longstanding historiography on the Nasser era to show how low- and mid-ranking bureaucrats affiliated to the Ministry of Culture and National Guidance have worked to create a unified state-idea after 1952, while constituting a bureaucratic corps on a similar ideological basis. Such bureaucrats, as well as higher-ranking officials and ministers, are central actors in the book’s narrative. The introduction also reviews the book’s main sources and methods, including ethnographic fieldwork, archival visits in institutional repositories and personal libraries, as well as regular dives into the second-hand book market in Cairo.

This chapter introduces the supposed problem of ethnicity: that it undermines national cohesion, or is a colonial hangover with no appropriate place in political life. In contrast, I argue that ethnicity is neither inherently desirable nor undesirable; its political effects depend on how it is known and used, and our understanding of how it is known remains underdeveloped. I establish that there is no definitive list of Kenya’s ethnic groups, and we must stop taking for granted what we think we know about ethnicity. I offer the concept of cultivated vagueness – a widespread aversion to resolving the ambiguity of lists of Kenya’s ethnic groups – to understand how ethnic knowledge works and to contrast it with legibility and governmentality. Cultivated vagueness is the response from bureaucrats, civil society, citizens and the state to the conundrum that ethnic knowledge is both common sense and impossible to settle. It also explains how ethnic classifications serve both projects of division and of pluralism. I suggest that attention to the benefits of cultivated vagueness may facilitate the advancement of the latter over the former. The chapter outlines the book’s methodology and chapters.

Maximum-likelihood LDPC decoder analysis. In Chapter 8, the performance of LDPC codes under ML decoding is analyzed. ML decoding is intended here either as the block-wise or the symbol-wise decoding criterion (see Section 2.2). More specifically, the asymptotic analysis on the ML decoding threshold addresses the performance in terms of symbol-wise ML decoding, whereas finite-length bounds are provided for the block error probability under block-wise ML decoding. While the focus is on unstructured LDPC code ensembles, the results in this chapter can be considered to a large extent valid for other LDPC code ensembles.

Difficult lessons from the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths remind us that thorough clinical assessment, detailed mental state examination and an appreciation of the dynamic nature of risk and its management are central to the effective treatment of women with perinatal mental illness. This is underpinned by the establishment of a trusting, respectful and honest relationship with the woman, which sees her as a partner in decision-making, and a detailed knowledge of the distinctive presentations and risks associated with illness in pregnancy and after childbirth, and its consequences for the woman and her infant.

What can a premodern narrative of legal change teach us? This brief epilogue raises the more complex question of the totalizing ambitions of states that operate from the assumption that law is a specialized practice, rather than something that emerges from daily life. The existence of a black-letter law urges states towards legislation as legal utopianism: the attempt to remake subjects in an optimal fashion and to exclude those they find problematic. This tendency towards utopianism - a form of state magic - is present in both late antique and modern contexts. Understanding the roots of it urges us towards humility with respect to our own projects of legal transformation.

This chapter considers how Australian theatre responds to, represents and stages floods, and how those representations have changed over the last half-century and more. Beginning with Eunice Hanger’s Flood and Mona Brand’s Flood Tide from the 1950s, the chapter traces how dramatic characters are fashioned in response to increasingly extreme climates. Alana Valentine’s (2008) Watermark, a work of community/verbatim theatre, draws on the oral testimony of survivors of a fast-moving flood that in 1998 swept through the town and surrounding areas of Katherine in the Northern Territory. In Jackie Smith’s (2009) The Flood, rising flood waters have a materiality and agential capacity to provoke fear and anger in the three characters of three dramatic characters trapped inside a run-down farmhouse. Between Two Waves by Ian Meadows (2012) is a politically engaged climate change drama that represents the increasing hysteria of a climate scientist’s warnings as they this to these are distorted and denied by conservative politicians and media.

Introduction

There is a slow, albeit steady, evolution towards the significance and development of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCRs), moving from international to regional and national systems. Constitutionally elevating ESCRs to fundamental human rights places substantive meaning on the notion of indivisibility and justiciability of all human rights. Climate change poses a threat to this elevated set of human rights, disproportionately impacting the historically marginalized and underserved communities on a global scale. Moreso, progress towards sustainable development for the Global South has been negatively impacted by climate change disasters – severe weather conditions such as droughts and floods have become more frequent and destructive. Consequently, the financing gap and general capacity of the Global North and Global South countries to progressively realize ESCRs is ever widening. It is a major concern that the climate emergency the world is confronted with is a problem to which the Global South has played a minimal role contributing. Rapid industrialization, wealth creation, and improved living standards in the Global North have been spurred by a tainted history of unsustainable natural resource extraction and unsustainable industrial practices much to the detriment of the Global South, which has given rise to the notion of climate justice.

Climate justice is not an exclusively environmental concern but also has implications for the implementation and protection of fundamental civil and political rights, as well as ESCRs. On 28 July 2022, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) through resolution A/RES/76/300 confirmed the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) resolution recognizing for the first time that access to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment is a human right.

An important role is played in the most recent developments on gaps between primes by suitable sets of prime k-tuples. Thus before proceeding with this chapter the reader would be well advised to review the contents of §18.5. The principal idea is to use artefacts from sieve theory, especially the Selberg sieve, not directly in the form of a sieve but as a means to increase the likelihood that certain constellations of 𝑘-tuples have relatively few prime factors.

The land now called Australia was settled by humans between 50,000 and 65,000 years ago, and the lands and waterways sustained balanced life until 1788 when a fleet of British soldiers, settlers and convicts landed on the central east coast. This chapter traces the ways theatrical works stage ‘land’ that has been transformed and depleted by the interrelated actions of colonialism, deforestation and pastoralism. It features the ecological content and staging of three works: Yanagai! Yanagai! by Yorta Yorta and Gunaikurnai woman Andrea James (2003), Louis Nowra’s (1985) The Golden Age and The White Earth by Andrew McGahan and Shaun Charles (2009). These depict violent land-grabs violent land-grabs, massacres, stubborn farming practices and ignorance of the environment as an ecosystem with a long history of human habitation. This chapter looks at the problem of ongoing ecological damage and struggles to develop sustainable land practices.