The concerns and emphases of 'unsex'd' females do not mirror those of twentieth and twenty-first century feminism, nor even of the women's movements of the late nineteenth century. There is a widespread awareness that sexual character is at least to some extent artificial and variable, and the variations are explored in the novels of Smith and Burney. Political and civil rights are not ignored, but they are by no means central. Neither 'unsex'd' nor 'proper' females describe or propose a clear-cut separation of spheres, but at the same time they do not challenge the notion that the retired and the domestic is best for women. The author's view has been that women writers of the 1790s had at their disposal a range of genres, voices, discourses, theories and narratives on which they could draw as bricoleurs in order to advance the interests of women.

This chapter examines Darwin’s taxonomy of emotions. I show that nineteenth-century associationists were divided on whether emotion categories exist in nature or are conventional. Herbert Spencer argues that emotion categories exist in nature, anticipating modern basic emotions theory. Thomas Brown argues that emotion categories are conventional, anticipating modern psychological constructionism. I show that Darwin sides with Brown and regards emotion categories as conventional. This finding is surprising, since Darwin is often viewed as a precursor to modern basic emotions theory, which adopts the opposite view.

Critical illness is a life-altering experience for both patients and families. Although patients and families have shared priorities for recovery, they also have unique lived experiences that require individualized attention and validation after critical illness. Patient and family needs are dynamic and evolve over successive phases of critical illness recovery. In general, patients and families desire structured, proactive supports that address distinct informational, emotional, appraisal, instrumental, social, and spiritual needs. Timely, consistent, and clear communication across all phases of recovery is key to fostering trust and resilience. The “Timing-it-Right” framework is a useful model to guide recovery-oriented care programs from the hospital ward to community setting. Critical illness recovery programs should be holistic, coordinated, and prioritize functional goals and quality of life. Future research on critical illness recovery should engage diverse patient and family perspectives and incorporate quality of life outcomes that matter to patients and families. Common themes in patient and family experience may provide guidance for clinicians, researchers, and health systems looking to support critical illness recovery.

To carry out its action, the Israeli state must ensure the support of its Western allies and contain criticism from its adversaries or new partners in the Arab world, whose public opinion is highly critical of Israel. To achieve these political objectives, Tel Aviv implemented an unprecedented communication strategy to disseminate its narratives and content to the widest possible audience.

This chapter discusses an ethically challenging case involving a seventeen-year-old patient, Joseph, diagnosed with advanced osteosarcoma. His care was complicated by his mother Sheila’s refusal to adhere to recommended medical treatments, including chemotherapy and pain management. Despite Joseph’s severe pain and deteriorating condition, Sheila’s resistance to medical interventions caused significant ethical and medical dilemmas. The medical team, ethics consultants, and Child Protective Services (CPS) were repeatedly involved, but Sheila’s influence over Joseph, compounded by his love and loyalty to her, continued to hinder pain and symptom management.

As Joseph neared the end of his life, ethical consultations suggested involving him in decision-making due to his cognitive maturity and understanding of his medical needs. However, Sheila’s refusals persisted, leading to intense moral distress among the care team. Efforts to engage CPS and legal avenues to override parental authority were insufficient, and the care team struggled between their responsibility to ease Joseph’s suffering and respecting Sheila’s decisions.

This case highlights significant deficiencies in end-of-life protections for adolescents and raises crucial ethical questions about parental authority, adolescent patient autonomy, and the role of healthcare providers in safeguarding patient welfare. The chapter concludes by advocating for stronger legal and institutional guidelines to address these complex ethical issues, especially in pediatric care.

This chapter examines the interplay between the HIV/AIDS pandemic and political dynamics, affecting both ruling and opposition parties. The chapter argues that governments can exploit public health crises to their advantage, mainly through their control over healthcare access and the movement of citizens. The HIV pandemic disproportionately impacted urban areas, which are also opposition strongholds. Thus, the majority of those who became ill and or died from the disease were urbanites who would have been opposition voters. The prolonged nature of HIV/AIDS also had a debilitating effect on entire families, where caregivers faced significant exhaustion and burnout, reducing their capacity for political engagement, protests, or voting. The HIV/AIDS pandemic also changed the political and cultural landscape. The death of politicians resulted in multiple elections that favored the ruling party, which had better resources. The loss of cultural leaders, musicians, and others in the arts also diminished the voices of those willing and able to speak up against the regime. The chapter provides a calculation of the exit premium of 4 to 12 percent due to HIV/AIDS-related voter exit.

The context in which Robert and Clara carried out their respective musical experiences as performers, listeners, and organizers of chamber music was richly varied. This chapter illustrates how, at the time, playing together with other musicians was considered of primary importance. Sometimes the Schumanns directly initiated such events, such as the Quartettmorgen (quartet mornings) that Robert had organized starting in 1838 in his own home. From the early nineteenth century onwards, concert series dedicated to chamber music flourished throughout Europe, often founded and run by musicians with whom Robert and Clara were in close contact. Above all, the number of student-populated instrumental ensembles increased, even in schools not specifically dedicated to music (such as military and art academies). The number of orchestras in which amateurs often played alongside professionals grew as well. Sometimes Robert himself conducted such groups.

This chapter grapples with the question of what has historically been admitted to the literary canon, via a consideration of comic poetry. Traditionally omitted from literary and language debates, comic poetry flourished especially in Florence, but was also produced in other centres. The chapter begins with Domenico di Giovanni, Burchiello, whose poetry satirised intellectuals and scholarly pursuits while demonstrating a virtuoso command of language, including Latinised poetic forms. It then discusses comic literature in Medici Florence, where poets including Lorenzo de’ Medici, Poliziano and Pulci refined this style, generating cultured parodies, and creating new genres such as Pulci’s mock-heroic epic, the Morgante, and allegorical and double-entendre Carnival songs. The final section considers comic poetry beyond Florence, including bilingual macaronic Latin-vernacular verse in Padua, post-Burchiello verse in Rome and Aretino’s pasquinades. The comic-burlesque mode is shown to be coterminous with more prized genres and produced by authors across the class spectrum.

Beyond the demographic factors of socio-economic disadvantage, inequality and unemployment, some occupations have been historically linked with higher rates of suicide deaths. These include: the armed forces, farmers, healthcare workers (including doctors), and “blue light” emergency workers, or “first responders,” for example, police, ambulance, rescue and fire personnel. Where available, the chapter draws upon systematic reviews and meta-analyses to discuss the evidence in specific occupational groups; the risk indicators and protective factors for suicide at individual, organisational and systemic level; and potential interventions over the course of a worker’s career. Understanding occupational risk factors over the career span from recruitment, self-selection and selection, through work environments and cultures, occupational trauma and stresses, could yield strategies for more generalisable suicide prevention at a population level as well as reducing rates in specific occupations.

This chapter examines the introduction of new lay participation systems in Asian countries. Focusing on Russia, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, I explore the social and political contexts and goals of the policymakers that motivated the incorporation of citizen decision-making into the legal systems of these countries. In each of the four countries, the adoption of new systems of lay participation occurred during periods of political democratization. Those who argued in favor of citizen involvement hoped that it would promote democratic self-governance, create more robust connections between the citizenry and the government, and improve public confidence in the courts. Policymakers drew on the experiences of other countries, including other Asian nations, to develop a distinctive model that incorporated some features of lay participation systems elsewhere, and modified them to suit the specific circumstances of their own countries.