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In the He then concludes with a chapter on the implied readers to discuss the Gospel’s use of irony, misunderstanding, and symbolism. I do not have the space for such a detailed analysis in the present chapter, but these aspects are nevertheless crucial to our study of the Gospel’s theology and provide foundational language and perspectives for the thematic chapters that follow.
Edited by
Marietta Auer, Max Planck Institute for Legal History and Legal Theory,Paul B. Miller, University of Notre Dame, Indiana,Henry E. Smith, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts,James Toomey, University of Iowa
Private law theory is pulled in opposite directions: internal and external perspectives on law; holistic and reductionist methodologies; conceptualist and nominalist views; and deontological and consequentialist approaches. Relatedly, theories tend to focus on the micro or the macro scales – interpersonal relations or societal effects – but face difficulties in connecting them. In this paper, we examine these problems in private law theory through the lens of the legal phenomenology of Adolf Reinach. According to Reinach, the law presupposes a realm of real, timeless entitles and their workings that are synthetic a priori: they are neither conventional nor contingent. Nor are they inherently moral or customary. We argue that regardless of the ontological status of what Reinach identifies as a priori, it points toward something more robust than most current theories would countenance. We illustrate the usefulness of this perspective through Reinach’s analysis of property, transfer, and representation. Reinach captures features and generalizations that have eluded analysis, as, for example, when he treats the principle of nemo dat quod non habet (‘one cannot transfer what one does not own’) as underlying all transfer even if displaced by positive rules such as good faith purchase. His views also point toward the importance of accessibility for legal concepts, including cases of tacit knowledge. Whatever its exact source, this “deep structure” of the law has the potential to partially reconcile some of the fissures in private law theory and to connect the micro and the macro through a better understanding of system in law.
The opening session was devoted to a discussion of the UNESCO Conference on the Development of Higher Education in Africa held in Tananarive, September 3-12, 1962, and its implications for the United States. Speakers on the panel were Dr. de Kiewiet; Karl Bigelow, Teachers College of Colum-gia University; Robert Van Duyn, Agency for International Development; and Kenneth Snyder, Bureau of International Educational and Cultural Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Dr. de Kiewiet, introducing the panel, paid a tribute to Dr. Ras Johnson of AID, a member of the official delegation, who lost his life while returning to the United States.
Dr. de Kiewiet remarked that, having assumed official delegations went out with highly specific instructions, he had made the reassuring discovery this was not the case. The delegation had largely determined for itself what the issues were and had developed responses to them; this flexibility had been important in establishing a successful relationship between the conference as a whole and the public and private sectors of American higher education.
Research on paradata practices provides diverse insights for the management of paradata. This chapter draws on the existing body of research to inform paradata practices in repository settings including research data archives, repositories and research information management contexts. Four categories of paradata needs (methods; scope; provenance; knowledge representation) are described as well as two major categories of paradata relevant from a repository perspective (core paradata i.e. information commonly perceived as being paradata, and potential paradata i.e. information with potential to function as paradata). Further, the chapter discusses three broad management approaches and a set of intermediary strategies of standardisation and embracing the messiness paradata, and of cultivating paradata literacy to manage different varieties of core paradata and potential paradata.
Days of antibiotic spectrum coverage (DASC) is a novel metric that incorporates the antibiotic spectrum into consumption metrics, addressing the limitations of traditional metrics such as days of therapy (DOT). This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of integrating DASC into the Japan Surveillance for Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology (J-SIPHE) system.
Design:
Retrospective observational study.
Setting:
Hospitals voluntarily participating in J-SIPHE.
Participants:
Inpatients from 1,833 hospitals between January 2019 and December 2022.
Methods:
Antibiotic use was assessed using DOT, DASC, and DASC/DOT. Antibiotic spectrum coverage scores were assigned based on published data or expert consensus. Annual trends were assessed using median values, and hospital-level variation was explored by hospital size. Proportional use of antibiotic classes by DOT and DASC was compared using 2022 data.
Results:
As the number of hospitals participating in J-SIPHE increased over time—particularly small and medium-sized hospitals—median DOT and DASC per 1,000 patient-days declined by 21.2% and 19.1%, respectively, from 2019 to 2022, while DASC/DOT remained stable. In 2022, proportional use of antibiotic classes varied by hospital size, and rankings differed when comparing DOT- and DASC-based measures. Broad-spectrum agents such as carbapenems and fluoroquinolones ranked higher by DASC than DOT. Hospital-level distributions of DOT and DASC/DOT showed substantial variation across hospital sizes.
Conclusions:
Integration of DASC metrics into national surveillance is feasible. DASC and DASC/DOT complement DOT by incorporating spectrum breadth, providing more comprehensive insight into antimicrobial use patterns and supporting stewardship benchmarking and intervention planning.
The conclusion returns to Charlotte Brontë to consider why Victorian authors might have preferred to explore pre-reflective experiences through episodes of getting lost rather than through the technique of stream-of-consciousness narration. The conclusion also addresses more directly the disturbing resemblance of strategic confusion to the willful ignorance that enables white people to uphold oppressive norms.
This chapter introduces the ICC decisions concerning the Lubanga and Ntaganda cases delivered in the context of the situation in the DRC, and the reparations order of the Lubanga case. It summarises the key facts and outcomes of each of these decisions and then considers how the authors of subsequent contributions have reimagined these ICC decisions from a feminist perspective. How the reimagined judgments depart from the original ICC decisions will be analysed and what makes them ‘feminist’ will be assessed. Finally, this contribution will conclude by critiquing the importance of the reimagined judgments in the context of ‘gender-sensitive’ ICC decision-making.
This study investigates the formation and evolution of fishbone patterns in oblique impinging liquid microjets through high-speed imaging experiments and numerical simulations. The results identify periodic oscillations in the upper region of the liquid sheet as the primary mechanism driving fishbone instabilities, which induce rim disturbances and lead to bifurcations into diverse fishbone morphologies. Transitions between stable and unstable flow patterns are systematically mapped across varying Weber numbers and impingement angles, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding this interfacial dynamics. Two critical transitions – marking the onset and disappearance of fishbone patterns – are characterised, offering insights into the underlying physics governing the stability and instability of these flow structures.
In the Doctrine of Right, Kant describes domestic right as “the right to a person akin to the right to a thing.” The Feyerabend lectures lack this framework, but the same set of marriage, parent-child, and master-servant relationships are united under the framework of “domestic societies.” This chapter explores domestic right in Feyerabend, mapping Kant’s careful resistance to conceptualizing these relationships in terms of property right in light of debates about marriage, domestic right, labor, and slavery unfolding in the 1780s. This resistance is informed by a paradox at the heart of Kant’s thinking about domestic right, namely, his claim that marriage and servitude are rightful while sex work and slavery are not. This puzzle arises because Kant follows Achenwall in locating slavery in domestic right, which leads to his innovative framework of domestic right as “the right to a person akin to the right to a thing.” The deep entanglement of Kant’s thinking about sex, and about service and slave labor, should lead us to think about these problems together, and to challenge the silos in Kant scholarship that treat his thinking about gender and sex distinctly from slavery and race.
This chapter on the Victorian bildungsroman focuses on moments when a heroine pleasurably and passively flies, floats, or is carried into a larger social world. It focuses on episodes from Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South and George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss. Rather than developing a life that establishes her individuality, I argue that the heroine of the bildungsroman gets swept up in an emotion that unites her with a social ingroup. This emotion deeply fulfills the heroine, meeting ordinarily unmet needs for social relatedness and self-esteem. After analyzing the novels, the chapter describes acts of reading through which women and working-class readers affiliate with like-minded others. These include readers who see themselves as part of a group of ardent Dorothea Brookes or fiery Jane Eyres and also working-class readers who felt transported by books that connected them to other book-lovers.