German politicians have been apt to play down the difficulties involved in integrating the refugees and expellees into West German society since the Second World War. Many factors helped to determine the relations between the refugee and native populations. Although the background, traditions and characteristics of the refugees influenced their capacity to establish good relationships in a new environment, the compatibility of these characteristics with those of the indigenous inhabitants in the community in which they found themselves was also important. The response of the native population to the refugees was influenced by the example set by the political elites at both regional and local level. The local case studies make it possible to trace the course of refugee-native relations between 1945 and 1950. It also provides interesting evidence about the nature and causes of the friction which developed between the two population groups in both rural and urban areas.

Claims about the supremacy of medical science were fundamentally rhetorical, designed to impress upon the public mind, the moral authority of orthodox medicine. The precise origins of the York Medical School are somewhat obscure, but the idea of establishing such an institution was first publicly mooted by the pseudonymous 'Medical Pupil' in a series of letters to the York Herald in 1832. By providing a single focus for medical education, the Medical School formalised and institutionalised hitherto diffuse and inchoate expressions of knowledge and expertise. The foundation of the York Medical School marked a key development in the elaboration of medical identity and authority on the local stage. Medical reformers therefore faced an extremely difficult task in squaring their vision of a state-sanctioned professional dominion with the dictates of political and economic liberalism.

This chapter discusses representations of collaboration in French crime fiction of the 1980s. It begins by reviewing cultural stereotypes of collaboration in early post-war fiction and philosophy, such as Jean-Paul Sartre's essay ‘Qu’est-ce qu’un collaborateur?’ It then analyses revisionist readings of collaboration proposed by American and French historians of the 1970s and 1980s before examining the work of three crime novelists: Didier Daeninckx, Jean Mazarin and George-Jean Arnaud. Their work demonstrates the extent to which crime fiction has popularised historical reassessments of the past and how, in the narrative template of crime fiction, such reassessments gain a heightened emotional and ethical charge.

The triumph of the newly established Bloc of Expellees and Dispossessed Persons (BHE) at Landtag Elections in Bavaria, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein in 1950-1951 indicated that many refugees and expellees had become alienated from the mainstream political parties. Since 1990, the flight and expulsion of the refugees and expellees from their homelands has formed an important part of a wider public debate about the role of Germans as victims and as perpetrators of the Second World War. While relations between the refugee and native populations in rural parts of West Germany improved during the 1950s, newcomers continued to be 'outsiders' and gradually secured access to clubs and associations which had been the preserve of the indigenous villagers. Allied and German politicians voiced fears that the newcomers' extreme economic hardship would make them vulnerable to the overtures of both radical right-wing groups and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).

Throughout the interwar years Poale Zion which represented the labour wing of the Zionist movement assiduously lobbied the British labour movement. Labour Zionists and several of the British Labour Party’s colonial experts shared the view that settler colonialism could be a beneficial to the indigenous people. Several British labour movement figures, including Ramsay MacDonald and Herbert Morrison, visited Palestine as guests of the Histadrut, the Zionist trade union federation in Palestine. On their return, they spoke favourably of Zionist labour institutions, depicting them as bringing social progress and modernity to the Middle East. At the end of the Second World War, the Labour Party leadership saw the setting up of a Jewish state both as a recompense to the Jewish people for the Holocaust and as a way to resolve the problem of finding refuge for the displaced Jews of Europe.

Focused on China, Chapter 4 explores ideological competition in the construction of heritage. New material has been added on holding human remains. It concludes with a major set of Buddhist figures to set up the discussion about the reintegration of sculptural groups.

In the past, those who have looked for linguistic patterns in Linear A by comparing inscriptions from different parts of Crete have been met with a common objection: “How do you know Linear A encodes the same language across the island?” In Chapter 7, Crete is divided into five regions centered around the five main Minoan palaces, and the corpus of Linear A is likewise divided into five corpora, each containing the inscriptions from a single region. These five corpora are analyzed against each other in an effort to answer this question. As a control, five analogous corpora of Linear B inscriptions are analyzed against each other in the same way, with the results demonstrating an overwhelming probability that they all encode the same language (which we know they do, as this script is deciphered: all Linear B inscriptions encode Greek). The analysis of the Linear A corpora demonstrates a similarly overwhelming probability that Linear A encodes the same language everywhere in Crete. The Linear A and B corpora are also analyzed against each other, demonstrating an overwhelming probability that the two scripts encode different languages—that is, that Linear A does NOT encode Greek.

This chapter contextualises deaf leisure within a wider understanding of the ways shared leisure activities underpin feelings of communion and community amongst groups of people. The chapter defines ‘leisure’ as it is used throughout this book, and addresses the ways in which shared leisure help define ‘insiders and outsiders’. The discussion moves on to consider the role of leisure and sport in the deaf community and investigates the ways in which these mirror and emphasise similarities and differences between mainstream leisure and the deaf community.

This chapter covers two topics that, to my knowledge, have not yet seen any industrial application. However, they might in the future become useful. The first topic is reduction, which is about verifying that a program satisfies a property by verifying that a coarser-grained version of the program satisfies it. Even if you never use it, understanding the principles behind reduction can help you choose the appropriate grain of atomicity for abstract programs. For that purpose, skimming through Sections 8.1.1–8.1.3 should suffice.