Umbrella reviews (URs) synthesize findings from multiple systematic reviews on a specific topic. Methodological approaches for analyzing and presenting UR results vary, and reviewers often adapt methods to align with research objectives. This study examined the characteristics of analysis and presentation methods used in healthcare-related URs. A systematic PubMed search identified URs published between 2023 and 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on healthcare URs using systematic reviews as the unit of analysis. A random sample of 100 eligible URs was included. A customized, piloted data extraction form was used to collect bibliographic, conduct, and reporting data independently. Descriptive analysis and narrative synthesis summarized findings. The most common terminology for eligible studies was “umbrella reviews” (65%) or “overviews” (30%). Question frameworks included PICO (43%) and PICOS (14%), with quantitative systematic reviews included in most URs (98%), and 68% including randomized controlled trials. The most frequent methodological guidance source was Cochrane (32%). Data analysis commonly used narrative synthesis and meta-analysis, with Stata, RevMan, and GRADEPro GDT employed for presentation. Information about study overlap and certainty assessment was rarely reported.Variation exists in how data are analyzed and presented in URs, with key elements often omitted. These findings highlight the need for clearer methodological guidance to enhance consistency and reporting in future URs.

We explored the impact of infectious disease (ID) consultations on hospitalists’ prescribing of broad-spectrum, hospital-onset (BSHO) antibiotics. Periods with more ID consults had increased BSHO-DOT; however, this relationship was nonlinear, and ID consult frequency did not explain variability in prescribing. ID consultation should be considered when creating prescriber performance metrics.

Let a group Γ act on a paracompact, locally compact, Hausdorff space M by homeomorphisms and let 2M denote the set of closed subsets of M. We endow 2M with the Chabauty topology, which is compact and admits a natural Γ-action by homeomorphisms. We show that for every minimal Γ-invariant closed subset $\mathcal{Y}$ of 2M consisting of compact sets, the union $\bigcup \mathcal{Y}\subset M$ has compact closure.

As an application, we deduce that every compact uniformly recurrent subgroup of a locally compact group is contained in a compact normal subgroup. This generalizes a result of Ušakov on compact subgroups whose normalizer is compact.

This study discusses the intersection between Black/African Digital Humanities, and computational methods, including natural language processing (NLP) and generative artificial intelligence (AI). We have structured the narrative around four critical themes: biases in colonial archives; postcolonial digitization; linguistic and representational inequalities in Lusophone digital content; and technical limitations of AI models when applied to the archival records from Portuguese-colonized African territories (1640–1822). Through three case studies relating to the Africana Collection at the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, the Dembos Collection, and Sebestyén’s Caculo Cangola Collection, we demonstrate the infrastructural biases inherent in contemporary computational tools. This begins with the systematic underrepresentation of African archives in global digitization efforts and ends with biased AI models that have not been trained on African historical corpora.

The Darband Wall in southern Uzbekistan marks an important political border in the Classical world, yet the dating of its construction is largely relative and contested. Presenting 10 new radiocarbon dates from the wall, the authors argue that construction began in the early or middle third century BC, likely under Seleucid or early Greco-Bactrian rule, while later reconstruction efforts coincide with Kushan expansion around the first and second centuries AD. Early Hellenistic-style fortifications reveal a defensive, and possibly an orientational, shift during Kushan rule that underscores both the strategic significance of the wall and the need for more extensive investigation.

This paper examines American public attitudes toward corrective measures against uncooperative security allies through a preregistered survey experiment on a nationally representative sample of 1,502 American citizens. The findings demonstrate strong public support for corrective measures, particularly coercive strategies such as economic sanctions and military aid reduction, against allies whose policies conflict with the dominant power’s interests. While alliance discord also triggers demands for reduced American contributions to the alliance, public response varies substantially based on the nature of the misalignment and the characteristics of the uncooperative ally. Notably, the ally regime type significantly moderates support for corrective measures, with Americans demonstrating marked reluctance to endorse punitive actions against democratic allies. However, neither the ally’s military capabilities nor the presence of formal treaty arrangements significantly moderates public preferences. These findings contribute to our understanding of alliance management and the domestic foundations of international cooperation while offering insights into the pressures leaders face when addressing alliance noncompliance.

In this paper, the upper bounds of non-real eigenvalues of indefinite Sturm–Liouville (S-L) problems with boundary conditions depend on the eigenparameter are studied. The upper bounds of real parts, imaginary parts and absolute values of non-real eigenvalues are given under the condition that the coefficients are integrable.

Research finds genetic predisposition for depression is associated with increases in depression across adolescence and adulthood. In turn, depressive symptoms in adolescence are associated with substance use. However, there has been modest examination of genetic predisposition for depression, growth in depressive symptoms, and substance use from late childhood through adolescence, and mostly in White samples. Also, psychosocial interventions can attenuate associations between genetic predisposition and psychopathology, a genotype by intervention (GxI) effect. We examined associations among polygenic risk for depression, growth in depressive symptoms from age 7 to 16, and substance use at age 16, as well as moderation by a family-based preventive intervention. Participants were African-ancestry (n = 154) and European-ancestry (n = 219) youth from the Early Steps Multisite Study, half of whom participated in the Family Check-Up intervention. A small polygenic by intervention effect was found on reductions in depressive symptoms for African-ancestry youth, and growth in depressive symptoms was positively associated with substance use at age 16. In sensitivity analyses, a small GxI effect was detected in European-ancestry youth on reductions in depressive symptom slopes from age 10 to 16. These findings highlight how early intervention can buffer genetic effects on depressive symptoms over time.

Observed competitive market profit margins in property and casualty insurance have typically been higher than the capital assets pricing model adjustment for risky loss cashflows would suggest. Explanations for this difference include frictions from operating an insurance business and capital risks that are not adequately recognised and rewarded by the theory. It is proposed that the difference may instead be related to the consumption of insurance services and claim fulfilment with an additional fair profit margin evaluated using marginal utility pricing principles.

We numerically investigate the hydrodynamics of an actively heaving flexible foil flapping under a wave surface. The coupled level set and volume-of-fluid method is used to capture the air–water interface, and the immersed-boundary method is used to capture the fluid–structure interaction. A sinusoidal heaving motion is imposed at the foil’s leading edge, and its posterior parts oscillate passively according to its flexible characteristics, allowing dynamic interactions with the wave-induced flow. The propulsive performance of the foil is examined for the influence of three main factors: the ratio of the heaving frequency ($f_{\!f}$) to the wave frequency ($f_w$), the phase difference between the heaving motion and the incident wave ($\mathit \varPhi$) and the submergence depth of the foil ($D$). At $\mathit \varPhi = 0$, the results reveal that the propulsion of the flexible foil benefits from flapping near the wave surface when $f_{\!f}/f_w = 0.5$, and the propulsive efficiency is optimised at $D/L = 1$, where $L$ is the foil’s length. However, when $f_{\!f}/f_w$ = 1.0 and 2.0, the propulsion of the flexible foil is hindered near the wave surface. This hydrodynamic hindrance is closely related to vortex splitting and roll-up phenomena, which induce the formation of a drag wake. By adjusting the phase difference $\mathit \varPhi$, the hindrance in the flexible foil propulsion can be mitigated to enhance propulsive performance. To further understand the relationship between the flapping kinematics and propulsive dynamics, we perform a scaling analysis based on lift force and added mass force, offering good quantification of propulsive performance.

While increasing seafood consumption may help address micronutrient deficiencies and metabolic disorders, evidence supporting this recommendation in the Indian context remains limited and inconclusive. Using the nationally representative cross-sectional 2019-2021 National Family Health Survey dataset, we investigated the association of fish consumption frequency with anemia and metabolic disorders (overweight/obesity, hypertension, and hyperglycemia) among adult men (aged 15-54 years) and women (aged 15-49 years) in India. A control function (CF) method was employed to examine the association in individuals who consumed fish daily and those who reported consuming fish daily/weekly. The analysis was restricted to conformed non-vegetarians (who reported ever consuming egg, fish, or meat). Overall, 86.9% of men and 74.7% of women were conformed non-vegetarian. CF analysis revealed that both daily and daily/weekly fish consumption were associated with a reduced risk of anemia among both men and women. Daily fish consumers exhibited increased likelihood of overweight/obesity (men: β: 0.405, 95%CI: 0.074, 0.735, p:0.017; women: β: 0.248, 95%CI 0.125, 0.370, p<0.001). Conversely, daily/weekly fish intake was associated with a reduced risk of overweight/obesity in men (β: -0.041, 95%CI: -0.069, -0.013; p:0.004). Daily/weekly fish consumption was associated with a reduced risk of hypertension and increased odds of hyperglycemia among men. Fish consumption demonstrated a potentially protective relationship against hypertension in women, regardless of how often they consumed fish, while also being associated with a higher prevalence of hyperglycemia. Indian adults can improve their health by eating more fish, which can help fight anemia and may also reduce overweight/obesity and high blood pressure.

Complete exploration of design spaces is often computationally prohibitive. Classical search methods offer a solution but are limited by challenges like local optima and an inability to traverse dislocated design spaces. Quantum computing (QC) offers a potential solution by leveraging quantum phenomena to achieve computational speed-ups. However, the practical capability of current QC platforms to deliver these advantages remains unclear. To investigate this, we apply and compare two quantum approaches – the Gate-Based Grover’s algorithm and quantum annealing (QA) – to a generic tile placement problem. We benchmark their performance on real quantum hardware (IBM and D-Wave, respectively) against a classical brute-force search. QA on D-Wave’s hardware successfully produced usable results, significantly outperforming a classical brute-force approach (0.137 s vs 14.8 s) at the largest scale tested. Conversely, Grover’s algorithm on IBM’s gate-based hardware was dominated by noise and failed to yield solutions. While successful, the QA results exhibited a hardware-induced bias, where equally optimal solutions were not returned with the same probability (coefficient of variation: 0.248–0.463). These findings suggest that for near-term engineering applications, QA shows more immediate promise than current gate-based systems. This study’s contribution is a direct comparison of two physically implemented quantum approaches, offering practical insights, reformulation examples and clear recommendations on the utilisation of QC in engineering design.