The present experiments investigated the combustion dynamics of single and coaxial laminar diffusion flames within a closed cylindrical acoustic waveguide, focusing on their response to acoustic forcing at a pressure antinode. Nine alternative fuel injectors were used to examine the effect of injector jet diameter and configuration, tube wall thickness, annular-to-inner area and velocity ratio, and jet Reynolds number (below 100) on flame behaviour under different applied frequencies and pressure perturbation amplitudes. Fundamental flame–acoustic coupling phenomena were identified, all of which involved symmetric flame perturbations. These included sustained oscillatory combustion (SOC), multi-frequency periodic liftoff and reattachment (PLOR), permanent flame lift-off (PFLO) with low-level oscillations, and flame blowoff (BO). The phase lag between acoustic forcing and flame response was quantified, providing valuable insights into the coupling dynamics and transition behaviours. Findings revealed how various geometrical and flow characteristics could affect flame stability and resistance to blowoff, even under similar acoustic forcing conditions. Analysis of high-speed spatiotemporal visible imaging using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) uncovered additional distinct phase portraits and spectral signatures associated with instability transitions, which, coupled with specific dynamical characteristics, enabled new insights into the relevance of injector geometrical characteristics and flow conditions in addressing acoustically coupled combustion instabilities.

This study presents a conceptual replication of Jacob et al.’s (2018) comparison of L2 early-stage processing of derived vs. inflected words. Previous studies on this issue focused predominantly on L2 learners from morphologically complex, alphabetic L1s, and generally showed L2 decompositional processing of derived but not inflected words. This replication study examined whether the previous claim for a qualitative difference in L2 early-stage processing of derived and inflected words could generalize to L2 English learners from a morphologically isolating, logographic L1, i.e., Chinese learners of L2 English. Results from a masked priming lexical decision task showed qualitatively the same magnitude of priming in the derivational, inflectional, and form control conditions for Chinese learners of English, suggesting reliance on surface form information in the early-stage processing of both derived and inflected words. Results of the current study add to the literature on L2 early-stage processing of derived vs. inflected words.

Iron deficiency anemia is a major health problem worldwide. Iron is an essential micronutrient in the human body; its demand increases with fetal growth and gestation. Although it has been reported that glucose metabolism is also affected by iron deficiency, only few studies have investigated the influence of iron deficiency during gestation and in offspring. In this study, glucose metabolism in newborns was investigated in terms of maternal iron deficiency prior to pregnancy in a rat model. Briefly, rats were divided into control (CL) and iron deficiency (ID) groups. The levels of serum glucose and insulin and the protein expression of liver GLUT2 in neonates born to dams in the ID group increased. In contrast, the mRNA and protein expression levels of GLUT2 and GLUT4 in the skeletal muscle tended to decrease. In addition, the expression of p-Akt (Thr308), which is involved in GLUT4 membrane translocation, decreased, suggesting that GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane may not have been sufficiently promoted. These results suggest that maternal iron deficiency may influence glucose metabolism in neonates and potentially increase the risk of developing metabolic abnormalities and lifestyle-related diseases later in life.

Archaeological evidence suggests that the transition to food-producing economies in the Western Valleys of northern Chile led to a decline in foraging in highland areas around AD 650, yet colonial records from the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries attest to the continued existence of foraging groups. Taking the Camarones River Basin as a test case, this study identifies small-scale settlements and hunting installations in upland areas using remote-sensing data. In considering these new data alongside ethnohistorical accounts, the author proposes that foraging endured into the late colonial era, possibly coexisting with herder and agropastoral communities and precipitating tethered settlement patterns.

Beginning in the late 1820s, gymnastics for adults and children became a noted phenomenon within some Irish cities. Predominantly led by foreign gymnastic instructors, the gymnastics wave marked a specific movement of transnationalism within Irish health and education. This article considers Dublin-based gymnastic instructors and physicians, weaving together histories of medicine, gender and transnationalism. Irish children’s bodies became a site of intense focus in the early nineteenth century, and medical and health tracts concerning children’s gymnastics reveal broader fears around the impact of modernity, the deficiencies of education and the socialisation of young people. Increasingly, children’s exercise became viewed as being of utmost importance to both the development of the individual and, more importantly, to the vitality of the nation itself. This contributes significantly to the historiography of Irish childhood by focusing not just on discourses, but on the bodies they sought to mould.

This article traces the history of the life sciences business in the Cambridge–Boston area and explores how it became the global epicenter of the modern therapeutics industry. While business history scholarship on therapeutics is extensive, few have studied recent technological modalities—from therapeutic proteins to cell and gene therapies—or adopted a regional ecosystem perspective. Based on archival materials and oral histories, this research bridges these works and incorporates insights from the innovation ecosystems framework. It considers how dynamic interactions between an evolving network of complementary and interdependent actors, including therapeutics firms, universities, hospitals, and risk capital providers, enhanced innovative capacity. This perspective also illuminates how ecosystem strength derived from the co-evolution of actors—from universities restructuring technology transfer offices to academic scientists becoming entrepreneurs. The research further highlights the nonlinearity of innovation processes. It shows how an extraordinary interplay between structural advantage, serendipitous timing, and strategic actions cultivated an unparalleled capacity to translate emergent technologies into novel therapies.

Few village-born social movements have influenced international relations as much as the campaign against Myitsone Dam in Burma (Myanmar). This village-born resistance led in 2011 to the suspension of a major Burmese and Chinese infrastructure project. This suspension became a symbol of democratization in Burma and a much-discussed setback of Chinese development-investment abroad. However, research literature on the Myitsone Dam has tended to conflate the local rural resistance with the broader ethnic Kachin and Burmese anti-dam movements. In contrast, this study focuses specifically on the local villages directly affected by the project, exploring their diverse stories and responses to the mega-project. Combining diverse published sources with ethnographic fieldwork and interviews done since 2010, it tells a story of repression, resistance, social divisions, and complex relations with outsiders. This is a two-part article series. This article here – Part 1 – examines what occurred before the mega-project’s suspension. It tells the Myitsone Dam’s rural story from its earliest days until the mega-project’s fall: from 2002 to 2011. This story begins with the unexpected arrival of Japanese visitors and traces the village struggles up to the project’s dramatic downfall.

Existing guidelines on overviews of reviews and umbrella reviews recommend an assessment of the certainty of evidence, but provide limited guidance on ‘how to’ apply the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) to such a complex evidence synthesis. We share our experience of developing a ‘general principles’ approach to applying GRADE to a complex overview of reviews. The approach was developed in an iterative and exploratory manner during the planning and conduct of an overview of reviews of a novel molecular imaging technique for the staging of prostate cancer, involving a formal review by a group of 11 methodologists/health services researchers. This approach was developed during the evidence synthesis process, piloted, and then applied to our ongoing overview of reviews. A ‘general principles’ approach of applying the domains of GRADE to an overview of reviews and arriving at an overall summary judgement for each outcome is presented. Our approach details additional factors to consider, including addressing both the primary study risk of bias as assessed by the included reviews and the risk of bias of the systematic reviews themselves, as well as the statistical heterogeneity observed in meta-analyses conducted within the included reviews. Our approach distilled key principles from the relevant GRADE guidelines and allowed us to apply GRADE to a complex body of evidence in a consistent and transparent way. The approach taken and the methods used to develop our approach may inform researchers working on overviews of reviews, umbrella reviews, or future methodological guidelines.

We report detection and analysis of the largest ever low-frequency sample of Crab giant pulses (GPs) detected in frequency band 200 – 231.25 MHz. In total about ∼95000 GPs were detected, which, to our knowledge is the largest low-frequency sample of Crab GPs presented in the literature. The observations were performed between 2024-12-14 and 2025-03-31 with the Engineering Development Array 2, a prototype station of the low-frequency Square Kilometre Array telescope. The fluence distribution of GPs in the entire sample is very well characterised with a single power law N(F) ∝ Fα, where α =−3.17 ± 0.02 for all GPs, and αMP = −3.13 ± 0.02 and αIP =−3.59 ± 0.06 for GPs at the phases of the main pulse and low-requency interpulse respectively. We do not observe flattening of the fluence distribution at the higher fluences. Although, the index of the power law fluence distribution remained approximately constant over the observing period, the normalisation of the distribution was strongly anti-correlated (coefficient ≈ −0.9) with the scatter broadening time. The timescale (∼ weeks) of these variations indicates that intrinsic GP emission was modulated by the refractive scintillation as the signals propagated through the Crab Nebula and ISM. As a result, the measured fluence distribution was augmented for lower (τ ≈ 2 ms) and diminished for higher (τ ≈ 5 ms) scatter broadening time τ causing the GP detection rate to vary between 3000 and 100 per hour respectively (the correlation coefficient ≈-0.9). Furthermore, for the first time at low-frequencies we observe indications of positive correlation (correlation coefficient ≈0.7) between the scatter broadening time (τ) and dispersion measure. Our modelling favours the screen size ∼ 10−5 pc with mean electron density ∼ 400e−cm−3 located within 100 pc from the pulsar (Crab Nebula or Perseus arm of the Milky Way galaxy). The observed frequency scaling of the scattering broadening time β ≈ −3.6 ± 0.1 (where τ ∝ νβ) is in agreement with the previous measurements. The observed maximum spectral luminosities ∼ 1025 erg/Hz/s approach those of the weakest pulses from some repeating Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs). However, the distribution of pulse arrival times is consistent with a purely random Poisson process, and we do not find evidence of clustering. Overall, our results agree with the current views that GPs from extra-galactic Crab-like pulsars can be responsible for some very weak repeating FRBs, but cannot explain the entire FRB population. Finally, these results demonstrate an enormous transient science potential of individual SKA-Low stations, which can be unlocked by milli-second all-sky imaging.

Medication Use Evaluations (MUEs) are structured quality improvement tools used to optimize medication use within healthcare systems. MUEs can explore safety concerns, high costs, or inappropriate use associated with any medication, among other factors. This can offer a valuable opportunity for Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) to promote stewardship goals, which often overlap with these concerns for specific antimicrobials. MUEs can also provide an avenue to promote interdisciplinary collaboration with targeted groups relevant to the ASP’s goals as well as an opportunity to give trainees ownership of system-facing stewardship projects. Stewardship pharmacists may often have experience with leading this process as part of their training, but MUEs represent a gap in training for physicians. Here we provide guidance on how stewardship physicians can engage in the MUE process, from identifying relevant topics to interpreting findings and supporting implementation efforts, allowing them to contribute effectively even without prior MUE experience.

Pipeline inspection robots play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of pipeline systems across various industries. In this paper, a novel pipeline inspection robot is designed based on a four degrees-of-freedom (DOF) generalized parallel mechanism (GPM). First, a four DOF mechanism is introduced using numerical and graph synthesis. The design employs numerical and graph synthesis methods to achieve an ideal symmetric configuration, enhancing the robot’s adaptability and mobility. The coupling mid-platform, inspired by parallelogram mechanisms, enables synchronized contraction motion, allowing the robot to adjust to different pipe diameters. Then, the constraints of the pipeline inspection robot in the elbow are analyzed based on task requirements. Through kinematic and performance analyses using screw theory, the mechanism’s feasibility in practical applications is confirmed. Theoretical analysis, simulations, and experiments demonstrate the robot’s ability to achieve active steering in T-branches and elbows. Experimental validation in straight and bent pipes shows that the robot meets the expected speed targets and can successfully navigate complex pipeline environments. This research highlights the potential of GPMs in advancing the capabilities of pipeline inspection robots for real-world applications.

George III was a family man, a modest eater, and a thoughtful ruler who wrote about the big questions of the day, from royal sovereignty to the best methods of agriculture to feed a modern nation. His writings provide a glimpse of his version of monarchy, which placed him at the head of a national family, where he embodied the habits of self-regulation and temperance in keeping with the sensibilities of late eighteenth-century manhood. This article brings together George’s meals and his essays, considering the histories of food, masculinity, and self-fashioning, to argue that George was a monarch who embodied a new form of masculinity, as marked by his agricultural interests and insistence on a modest diet. His eating habits, along with his intellectual interests and public persona, bring us to the intersection between the private man and the public monarch. Drawing on newly digitized data, alongside contemporary caricatures and descriptions, and George’s own writing, we argue that moderation was central to George’s creation of an image that appealed to the emerging British nation of the late eighteenth century; food was central to this image, highlighting both his masculine self-control and his ability to be useful to the nation.

We derive the exact asymptotics of $\mathbb{P} {\{\sup\nolimits_{\boldsymbol{t}\in {\mathcal{A}}}X(\boldsymbol{t})>u \}} \textrm{ as}\ u\to\infty,$ for a centered Gaussian field $X({\boldsymbol{t}}),\ {\boldsymbol{t}}\in \mathcal{A}\subset\mathbb{R}^n$, $n>1$ with continuous sample paths almost surely, for which $\arg \max_{\boldsymbol{t}\in {\mathcal{A}}} {\mathrm{Var}}(X(\boldsymbol{t}))$ is a Jordan set with a finite and positive Lebesgue measure of dimension $k\le n$ and its dependence structure is not necessarily locally stationary. Our findings are applied to derive the asymptotics of tail probabilities related to performance tables and chi processes, particularly when the covariance structure is not locally stationary.

Particle suspensions at the interface of turbulent liquids are governed by the balance of capillary attraction, strain-induced drag and lubrication. Here, we extend previous findings, obtained for small particles whose capillary interactions are dominated by quadrupolar-mode deformation of the interface, to larger spherical and disc-shaped particles experiencing monopole-dominant capillarity. By combining pair-approach experiments, two-dimensional turbulent flow realizations and particle imaging, we demonstrate that particles experiencing monopole-dominant attraction exhibit enhanced clustering compared with their quadrupole-dominant counterparts. We introduce an interaction scale defined by balancing viscous drag and capillary attraction, which is compared with the particle size and interparticle distance. This allows us to map the clustering behaviour onto a parameter space solely defined by those characteristic length scales. This yields a unified framework able to predict the tendency to cluster (and the concentration threshold for those clusters to percolate) in a vast array of fluid–particle systems.

This work proposes an optimization approach for the time-consuming parts of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data processing and IMU-LiDAR data fusion in the LiDAR-inertial odometry (LIO) method. Two key novelties enable faster and more accurate navigation in complex, noisy environments. Firstly, to improve map update and point cloud registration efficiency, we employ a sparse voxel maps with a new update function to construct a local map around the mobile robot and utilize an improved Generalized Iterative Closest Point algorithm based on sparse voxels to achieve LiDAR point clouds association, thereby boosting both map updating and computational speed. Secondly, to enhance real-time accuracy, this paper analyzes the residuals and covariances of both IMU and LiDAR data in a tightly coupled manner, and achieves system state estimation by fusing sensor information through Gauss-Newton method, effectively mitigating localization deviations by appropriately weighting the LiDAR covariances. The performance of our method is evaluated against advanced LIO algorithms using eight open datasets and five self-collected campus datasets. Results show a 24.7–60.1% reduction in average processing time per point cloud frame, along with improved robustness and higher precision motion trajectory estimation in most cluttered and complex indoor and outdoor environments.

This article argues that contemporary Indian law is animated by two intertwined imaginings of law: as a rational, rule-bound process and as a power that makes decisions as a normless act of prerogative. Through ethnographic fieldwork in Delhi’s terrorism courts, the paper examines petitions written by individuals accused under anti-terror laws, revealing how these texts invoke the dual legal imaginaries. Petitions—ranging from formal legal documents to handwritten pleas—are analysed through the idea of epistolarity, to pay attention to both the form and content of these petitions. The article argues that these letters are affective and rhetorical performances that simultaneously invoke imaginings of the law as both rule and prerogative. In doing so, the subjectivity of the petitioners oscillates between rights-bearing citizens and humble supplicants praying for the law’s intervention.