This chapter addresses the mixed effects of the crisis: rapid and painful adjustment but also unexpected opportunities and development, and eventually, after 2000, a surprising and productive return to the principles of 1961, with a postscript anticipating the effects of reform under the leadership of Raúl Castro. Shortages and changed priorities substantially worsened conditions for literary culture, as the three-decade-old nationwide system of cultural participation was paralysed through lack of basic infrastructure and materials. Despite external expectations, the social value of literature had continued to be sustained, and had even been given a boost, after 2000. Its heightened symbolic value was now, as in 1961, related more to the reader than to the writer.

This chapter offers a consideration of the significance of the Australian landscape within notable features, from the revival to the present. Landscape has played a conspicuous and complex role in the concretisation of the national cinema for audiences at home and abroad. It has been a crucial factor in the distillation of national identity throughout the country's history, as the natural, acquired or adopted home for a disparate conglomeration of imagined communities. Four preliminary and expository images can be offered as illustrations of the complex and contradictory responses to the landscape embraced by Australian films: Long Weekend, The Man from Snowy River, My Brilliant Career and Rabbit-Proof Fence. In the often hybridised generic territory referred to as the Australian Gothic, the landscape is a key element in the exploration of cultural anxieties arising from colonial experience.

This chapter presents the interview between the author and Europe's foremost theatre and opera director, Lluís Pasqual. He is best known for his dazzling collaborations with the designer Fabià Puigserver, with whom he reinvented classic Spanish and European plays for contemporary audiences in Catalonia and elsewhere from the mid-1970s onwards. This interview deals with Pasqual's productions of The Balcony in 1980 and 1981 before going on to explore where Jean Genet's contemporary significance resides. His late theatre is a challenge to the Gaullist consensus of the 1950s and 1960s, and its political significance pertains to its critique of European attitudes towards immigrant workers and ethnic minorities. Like Genet's, Federico García Lorca's politics are found in the constant movement and oscillation between two extreme poles. As opposed to the cliché or congealed image, the movement caused by this oscillation is life itself, it can't be represented or pinned down.

Siblinghood's special strength grew from siblings' common heritage and the ascribed 'naturalness' of their unity and solidarity in the special version of friendship granted in their relationship, no matter what its age and gender hierarchies. Ideas about natural unity, love, affection, reciprocity, and friendship made sibling relations places of powerful inclusion. Like many families, the Travell siblings after their parents' death had to forge familial and social behaviours without parental oversight. Like Anne Travell and Edward Witts, Georgian sisters and brothers considered themselves a part of a group built on the exclusive and natural connection between children of common parents. The growth of friendly and voluntary societies from the late seventeenth century onwards and the Enlightenment political philosophy of the latter half of the eighteenth century expanded the social uses of fictive sibling ties.

The chapter examines and critiques two concepts popular within broadly normative schools of thought in International Relations: ‘good international citizenship’ and the ‘responsibility to protect’. In so doing, attention is drawn to both the problems posed by practices of inclusion and exclusion in international politics and the limits to conceptualisations of legitimacy when it is conflated with morality or legality. The chapter identifies these thematic areas of concern and sets out the parameters of the debate concerning legitimacy in IR which leads to the argument for the need for a critical communicative dimension to legitimacy.

This chapter presents the activities of the trek associations established in Bavaria, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein in 1951-1952 in protest at the slow progress of the Federal Government's refugee resettlement programme. It assesses the importance of the role played by the political and ecclesiastical elites. The chapter evaluates the mood of the refugees and expellees. The mood of the refugees became increasingly volatile as a result of the deterioration in their economic position following the Currency Reform of June 1948. Therefore, the second half of 1948 witnessed protests, demonstrations and hunger strikes. The chapter suggests that the prevailing climate of anti-communism in the German Federal Republic (FRG) in the 1950s acted as an important deterrent to political radicalism and served as a unifying ideology for both natives and refugees. It examines the reasons for the absence of widespread unrest.

This chapter discusses the emergence of psychoanalytic thought in the twentieth century and the historical development of the notion of sexuality. It examines the Freudian libidinal theory model, which re-conceptualised desire and stated that human subjectivity is produced by a struggle between opposing forces of sexual desire and sexual repression.

Cardinal Richelieu considered Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes to be the implacable enemy of the Queen Mother, and blamed him for her quarrel with her son. This chapter argues that Luynes and the king tried hard to convince the Queen Mother to return to court so they could keep an eye on her. During 1619 and 1620, Luynes successfully recruited thirty-seven court nobles sympathetic to the new regime to form a party opposing that of the Queen Mother. Luynes's supporters were rewarded generously with royal patronage including household, provincial, and military offices, titles, court privileges, cash gifts, and ambassadorial appointments. Luynes and the king had to control the conflict among court factions in order to govern successfully, and did so by using the classic strategy of divide-and-rule.

Appendix B contains a graphic of the International Phonetic Alphabet, used extensively throughout the book.

I introduce the cormorant and its cultural history as ‘hated’ bird, noting that the book is both the history of a bird and a book about greed and prejudice. I distinguish between the zoological cormorant and the cultural cormorant, and I describe the cormorant’s centrality to conflict between the fishing industry and environmentalists, not least in Europe, and I also address the tendency of tree-nesting cormorants to kill their nest trees with their droppings. I then turn to parts of the world (Norway, Japan, China) where cormorants have at times been viewed positively, but I finish by noting the variety of ways – often contradictory ways – in which the bird has been understood as evil and has been the object of prejudice.

This study started by posing a question about the apparent contradiction between the fact that literature in Cuba since 1959 seems to have been both relatively privileged and problematic. This chapter argues that this question is an over-simplification of a highly complex reality, but also that the apparent contradiction arises in great part from the implications of the special value which literature has always held within the equally complex phenomenon of revolutionary change since 1959. In the Cuban case, the situation of an almost universally literate population that was created by the Literacy Campaign and subsequent educational programmes would thus have heightened the desire to control the production of literature. The chapter ends by reiterating the centrality of literary culture to the Cuban Revolution.

This chapter focuses on two areas: the regulation of prostitution and the treatment of women victims of sexual assault, in order to consider the relationship between women officers and those with whom they came into contact on a daily basis. Sexuality was considered 'dangerous' in wartime because of panics about the prevalence of venereal disease among the armed troops, increases in illegitimate births and the spread of the 'social disease' of prostitution; all of these comprehended the signs of national degeneracy. Awareness of difference, in terms of the identifiers of class, status and sexuality, are present in their descriptions of encounters with the other 'women of the streets'. The chapter examines the development of women's specialist work with adult victims of sexual violence, asking to what extent their approach differed from that of male colleagues in the era before integration.