The triumph of the newly established Bloc of Expellees and Dispossessed Persons (BHE) at Landtag Elections in Bavaria, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein in 1950-1951 indicated that many refugees and expellees had become alienated from the mainstream political parties. Since 1990, the flight and expulsion of the refugees and expellees from their homelands has formed an important part of a wider public debate about the role of Germans as victims and as perpetrators of the Second World War. While relations between the refugee and native populations in rural parts of West Germany improved during the 1950s, newcomers continued to be 'outsiders' and gradually secured access to clubs and associations which had been the preserve of the indigenous villagers. Allied and German politicians voiced fears that the newcomers' extreme economic hardship would make them vulnerable to the overtures of both radical right-wing groups and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).

Throughout the interwar years Poale Zion which represented the labour wing of the Zionist movement assiduously lobbied the British labour movement. Labour Zionists and several of the British Labour Party’s colonial experts shared the view that settler colonialism could be a beneficial to the indigenous people. Several British labour movement figures, including Ramsay MacDonald and Herbert Morrison, visited Palestine as guests of the Histadrut, the Zionist trade union federation in Palestine. On their return, they spoke favourably of Zionist labour institutions, depicting them as bringing social progress and modernity to the Middle East. At the end of the Second World War, the Labour Party leadership saw the setting up of a Jewish state both as a recompense to the Jewish people for the Holocaust and as a way to resolve the problem of finding refuge for the displaced Jews of Europe.

Focused on China, Chapter 4 explores ideological competition in the construction of heritage. New material has been added on holding human remains. It concludes with a major set of Buddhist figures to set up the discussion about the reintegration of sculptural groups.

In the past, those who have looked for linguistic patterns in Linear A by comparing inscriptions from different parts of Crete have been met with a common objection: “How do you know Linear A encodes the same language across the island?” In Chapter 7, Crete is divided into five regions centered around the five main Minoan palaces, and the corpus of Linear A is likewise divided into five corpora, each containing the inscriptions from a single region. These five corpora are analyzed against each other in an effort to answer this question. As a control, five analogous corpora of Linear B inscriptions are analyzed against each other in the same way, with the results demonstrating an overwhelming probability that they all encode the same language (which we know they do, as this script is deciphered: all Linear B inscriptions encode Greek). The analysis of the Linear A corpora demonstrates a similarly overwhelming probability that Linear A encodes the same language everywhere in Crete. The Linear A and B corpora are also analyzed against each other, demonstrating an overwhelming probability that the two scripts encode different languages—that is, that Linear A does NOT encode Greek.

This chapter contextualises deaf leisure within a wider understanding of the ways shared leisure activities underpin feelings of communion and community amongst groups of people. The chapter defines ‘leisure’ as it is used throughout this book, and addresses the ways in which shared leisure help define ‘insiders and outsiders’. The discussion moves on to consider the role of leisure and sport in the deaf community and investigates the ways in which these mirror and emphasise similarities and differences between mainstream leisure and the deaf community.

This chapter covers two topics that, to my knowledge, have not yet seen any industrial application. However, they might in the future become useful. The first topic is reduction, which is about verifying that a program satisfies a property by verifying that a coarser-grained version of the program satisfies it. Even if you never use it, understanding the principles behind reduction can help you choose the appropriate grain of atomicity for abstract programs. For that purpose, skimming through Sections 8.1.1–8.1.3 should suffice.

This chapter presents the interview between the author and US theatre director JoAnne Akalaitis. She is the founder of the influential avant-garde theatre company Mabou Mines. In this interview, they talk about two widely praised productions of Jean Genet's work, The Balcony with the American Repertory Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1985-1986, and The Screens at the Tyrone Guthrie Theatre, Minneapolis in 1989-1990. Genet is the first western playwright to write about Arabs and a revolutionary culture in a way that is not clichéd or necessarily easy to swallow. Genet, like August Strindberg, empowers women in a way that very few playwrights do. He understood the first African rebellions, and the revolutions in the Third World. He's one of the great modern political playwrights: there's no doubt about that.

Chapter 1 chapter presents a revised account of Blake’s relation to two major paradigms in eighteenth-century embryology: preformation and epigenesis. Challenging criticism that aligns Blake with a bio-ontology that privileges open-ended development and plastic self-shaping, this chapter reveals why preformation, which was used to articulate ideas of virtual form and genetic inheritance, might have been appealing for Blake. Tracing the links between Blake and preformationist biologists such as Charles Bonnet via Johann Kaspar Lavater, it shows how Blake’s preformationist influence explains some of the differences between his conception of life to those of major figures in European Romanticism such as Coleridge, Goethe, Herder, Blumenbach, and Kant. Exploring ableist and racist implications of relevant discourses, it discusses how preformationist science supplied Blake with the conceptual means to develop understandings of human difference and selfhood which differed from that of many of his contemporaries.

The task of integrating the refugees and expellees into the Western Occupation Zones of Germany represented one of the most formidable problems facing the Allied and German authorities after the Second World War. The 'newcomers' exerted pressure on German politicians to employ the terminology which reflected the circumstances under which they had arrived in the Western Occupation Zones of Germany. The acute material distress suffered by the newcomers in the early post-war years is illustrated graphically by examining the three main economic indicators, their food situation, housing conditions and employment prospects. The chaotic economic conditions prevailing in post-war Germany increased the severity of the food shortage. The employment prospects of the refugees and expellees up to the Currency Reform varied widely between the different occupational groups. There were generally good opportunities for refugee teachers because many of the original incumbents had been suspended pending the decisions of the denazification tribunals.

The St Louis was a German cruise ship that left Hamburg in May 1939 carrying 900 Jewish refugees on board bound for Cuba. It was forced to return to Europe following not being allowed to disembark at the port of Havana, Cuba. In contrast to the Kindertransport, St Louis present a case where Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany were abandoned by the world. This chapter presents the case study of the St Louis and the refusal of Canada and the USA to grant asylum for the Jewish refugees. It also illustrates the complexity of British immigration procedures during the 1930s and the problems that emerged during the selection and exclusion of refugees on board St Louis seeking entry to Britain.

The Introduction frames the book’s research within the local histories and sociopolitical dynamics of the Chinese–Russian border region, which have fostered the creation and popularisation of the ‘Russian brides’ village myth in Northeast China. It explores how Chinese–Russian marriages have come to symbolise an idealised form of transnational union in Chinese media narratives. This chapter also outlines the book’s theoretical and methodological approaches, introducing the concepts of hyperreality and intimate and embodied geopolitics. It provides a roadmap for its central arguments, guiding the reader through its interdisciplinary analysis.