Chapter 5 is concerned with sequential aspects of health-oriented interactions and the challenges this poses for corpus research. Two case studies demonstrate how conventional corpus procedures can be augmented with other linguistic approaches to facilitate a critical examination of the relationships between parts of the data that might otherwise be separated in corpus analysis. The first study is an investigation of a thread from an online forum dedicated to cancer – one that is explicitly dedicated to irreverent verbal play. We show how a corpus approach enabled the identification of humourous metaphors and helped us reveal recurrent lexical and grammatical features that facilitate discussion around sensitive topics, enable a coherent identity, and contribute to a sense of community. In the second study we use an approach that was originally applied to the Spoken BNC 2014 corpus to examine interactional data in terms of functional discourse units. We apply this coding framework to a sample of anxiety support forum data in order to document, quantify, and evaluate how various communicative purposes are formulated in forum posts and are met with different types of response.

Critics from across the political spectrum attack social media platforms for invading personal privacy. Social media firms famously suck in huge amounts of information about individuals who use their services (and sometimes others as well), and then monetize this data, primarily by selling targeted advertising. Many privacy advocates object to the very collection and use of this personal data by platforms, even if not shared with third parties. In addition, there is the ongoing (and reasonable) concern that the very existence of Big Data creates a risk of leaks. Further, aside from the problem of Big Data, the very existence of social media enables private individuals to invade the privacy of others by widely disseminating personal information. That social media firms’ business practices compromise privacy cannot be seriously doubted. But it is also true that Big Data lies at the heart of social media firms’ business models, permitting them to provide users with free services in exchange for data which they can monetize via targeted advertising. So unless regulators want to take free services away, they must tread cautiously in regulating privacy.

This chapter explores the dynamics of knowledge and authority within virtual communities, where participants contribute asynchronously to shape collective understanding around specific topics. Through the interactive sharing, modification, and recirculation of information, participants recognize cognitive authority in online interactions. The notion of authority is examined across various domains: in business, authority transcends expertise to include digital presence and persuasive influence, quantified by metrics such as follower counts. Similarly, in health communities like PatientsLikeMe, personal experiences often hold sway comparable to conventional medical advice, particularly in less-researched medical conditions. Such experiences contribute significantly to medical knowledge and research, bridging gaps left by formal studies. The chapter highlights qualitative aspects of authority, emphasizing active engagement and adept use of linguistic resources to establish credibility and influence. It underscores the negotiation of authority among participants, where legitimacy enhances the capacity to claim authority within hierarchical online structures. By analyzing interactions and recognition within these communities, the chapter elucidates how individuals emerge as authoritative voices, shaping the production and legitimization of knowledge in different fields.

This chapter presents a coherent picture of culture as emerging from a distinctive human mind architecture. I consider the mental processes that characterize the components of mind, and the inherently constituting and structured knowledge that represents its content. Grounded in a necessary and eclectic theory of cognition, I propose that culture consists of mental models shared within a community, or cultural models. Both the undeniably universal nature of numerous mental activities and the significantly idiosyncratic contents of an individual cultural mind find a plausible account within this theoretical approach. I explore three fundamental issues related to the investigation of culture as a mental phenomenon. The first regards a brief survey of theories about human cognition – both architecture and processes – that are of value and consequence to the anthropological enterprise. The second concerns the theorizing about the mental organization of knowledge. The thirdcovers the nature and value of cultural model theory in the contemporary anthropological landscape. I close by suggesting the concept of cultural model as a salient and necessary unit of analysis for anthropology.

This chapter discusses the broad concept of a market and financial markets. It then delves into the markets for shares (securities) and derivatives. Important actors in the financial markets are highlighted, such as the market operators (the ASX), intermediaries (such as stockbrokers), investors and the largest and most powerful of corporations—listed companies. The regulation of financial markets in chs 6CA and 7 of the Corporations Act is examined, beginning with the definitions of financial products (securities and derivatives). The licensing and supervision of financial markets is then considered: first, the licensing of markets themselves and their supervision through a system of rules—the Market Integrity Rules, the Operating Rules, and the Listing Rules.

This chapter then examines the interplay between certain listing rules and ch 6CA which requires disclosure by listed companies of material information to the market. We then consider the regulation of market misconduct under pt 7.10 of the Corporations Act. Finally, this chapter considers the public and private enforcement of the aforementioned obligations.

This chapter looks at the overall goals of generative syntax. It then moves on to a discussion of levels of adequacy for linguistic theory. This leads to a very brief discussion of the development of generative theory since its inception in the 1950s, up to its current version, known as the Minimalist Programme. Finally, we begin the discussion of hierarchy with an exposition of the X-bar theory of phrase structure and the notion of constituency tests as a probe for hierarchical structure.

The portrayal of infants and young children’s music-making tends to cast their music participation as a process of becoming, potentialities and efforts towards an adult ‘expert’ state of being musical. Such views can lead to a view of young children as deficient musicians, their music-making as inadequate, and a dismissal of the ways in which they use music in their world-making. Further, through a singular focus on the adult ‘expert’ musician, music education tends to be shaped to achieve that outcome instead of a perspective of music education as preparation for lifewide and lifelong engagement. The adult ‘expert’ view of music participation in adulthood is restricted to a particular form of participation that can disenfranchise and silence many adults’ active music. This chapter will explore what happens when we shift our focus from a perspective of young children’s music-making as becoming from ‘emulation of expert adult activity’ to a manifestation of their being, of their agency, identity work and world-making through embodied music and song-making.

In this final chapter we look at three main topics. First, we summarise and give an overview of the parameters we have seen in the preceding chapters, to some extent revising them as we go along. Second, we look at the theory of parameters and introduce the notion of parameter hierarchy. Third, we consider some future questions and directions for the theory.

Sculpted funerary monuments from Archaic Attica have traditionally been divided into two categories: those taking the form of a stele sculpted in relief and those taking the form of freestanding statues. In iconographical studies of these monuments, the distinction in medium has often been assigned interpretive weight, with those monuments carved in relief regarded as representing the deceased in a fundamentally different manner than those carved in the round. In contrast to such approaches, I attend in this chapter to points of continuity between relief and freestanding monuments in order to consider how they engage complementary forms of visualization. To do so, I focus on three case studies: the Gorgon stele from the Kerameikos in Athens, the Hoplite stele now in New York (together with its associated sphinx in Boston), and the “Hockey Player” base also from the Kerameikos. Ultimately, I argue, all sculpted funerary monuments from Archaic Attica mobilize aspects of relief sculpture, insofar as they position the body of the deceased between another world and our own.

This chapter argues that Michael Field was not just a pseudonym but also an imaginative construct that enabled Bradley and Cooper’s poetic output. It is productive to compare the Michael Field persona to poetry: both are creative genres with specific formal properties and communicative modes. Bradley and Cooper revised inherited literary forms in their reimagined verse dramas, sonnets, masques, and Elizabethan-style songs. Similarly, Bradley and Cooper remake inherited identity categories and reform subjectivity in creating a masculine singular avatar. Playing with form is a way for Bradley and Cooper to express what they think and feel, as well as who they are. This chapter addresses why Bradley and Cooper created an alternate artistic identity, how their pseudonyms evolved to become Michael Field, and the ways in which understanding Bradley and Cooper’s carefully constructed poetic persona can help scholars and readers understand their ideas about gender, sex, art, identity, and autonomy.

By integrating hard constraints into neural network outputs, we not only improve the reliability of AI systems but also pave the way for meta-cognitive capabilities that ensure the alignment of predictions with domain-specific knowledge.

This topic has received a lot of attention, however, existing methods either impose the constraints in a “weak” form at training time, with no guarantees at inference, or fail to provide a general framework that supports different tasks and constraint types.

We tackle this open problem from a neuro-symbolic perspective, developing a pipeline that enhances a conventional neural predictor with a symbolic reasoning module capable of correcting structured prediction errors and a neural attention module that learns to direct the reasoning effort to focus on potential prediction errors, while keeping other outputs unchanged.

This framework provides an appealing trade-off between the efficiency of constraint-free neural inference and the prohibitive cost of exhaustive reasoning at inference time that satisfies the rigorous demands of meta-cognitive assurance.