This part looks at the conceptual and methodological issues to evaluate parental power. Findings from psychology strongly support the view that parents can use their power so as to promote their children's agency. The part examines the legitimacy of parental power. Even when parents successfully promote their children's social, cognitive, and emotional development, they can be faced with moral dilemmas and conflicts which call into question the legitimacy of their power.

This chapter explores the development of natural history in Spanish America after independence. It examines the role played by science in the construction of nations and national identities in the turbulent years after Spanish rule. In addition to recognising the practical advantages to be derived from natural history, post-colonial elites appreciated the cultural value of museums and universities. They equated science explicitly with civilisation and they modelled their new institutions on those of northern Europe and North America, courting the approval of Old World observers. Science acted as a barometer for civilisation, with scientific failure being blamed on the barbarism of both the former imperial regime and uncultivated American caudillos. Specialisation in local specimens thus offered Spanish American states the best chance of international scientific renown and the most useful resource to travelling naturalists.

Exhibitions created the ideal marketplace, a non-competitive arena with ideal conditions of luxurious displays, demonstrations of impressive artisanal skills and the finest raw materials. Ever since the Great Exhibition of 1851, India was celebrated at international exhibitions. For the purposes of the Colonial and India Exhibition, Thomas Wardle worked under the direction of Sir Edward C. Buck, who had scientific expertise and a strong interest in Indian silk production. The examples of hand-block printed Indian tasar silk cloth on display in Paris revealed another breakthrough, which added a further dimension to the use of the silk. Manchester's Royal Jubilee Exhibition was a massive undertaking, which took place on the Old Trafford site of the celebrated Manchester Art Exhibition of 1858. The combination of the superior objects on display and the learned publications produced by exhibition committees tangibly reinforced what was possible for both England and India.

This chapter focuses on the studies concerned with exploring representations of Irish and Scottish ethnic identities. Within the broader historiography, scholars have posited a range of reasons for migration from Ireland and Scotland. Unlike the Irish, 'the interpretation of Scottish emigration as an unwilling and self-conscious diaspora, which belonged primarily to a traumatic era in west Highland emigration came to be misleadingly applied to the entire Scottish exodus'. Twentieth-century conceptualisations of Irishness have utilised questionnaires and interviews to gain an understanding of ethnic consciousness. A key consideration of Scottishness, apart from homeland conceptualisations of identity, is the way such identities were expressed at sea. Consideration of a British identity is also important in any exploration of Scottishness. Ancestry has been highlighted as a major element of Scottish societies in the United States given the dominance of clan societies.

This chapter attempts to draw together the insights of the new post-colonial studies and of urban social history. It investigates questions related to the location of the 1922 Colonial Exposition in Marseilles, a city intimately connected with the French empire. The chapter considers how the 1922 Colonial Exposition was defined simultaneously as a work site, as a living space and as a political arena for different kinds of French colonial subjects. It discusses the ways in which the organisers, visitors and local residents viewed the exposition and its relation to the surrounding city. The chapter focuses on the struggles of colonial workers in Marseilles, both on and off the exposition grounds. It explores the use of colonial soldiers to represent the bonds between nation and empire. The chapter examines the range of interactions between Marseilles residents and colonial subjects in the exposition.

The 1920s were a dramatic period for African studies in Germany. This chapter focuses on a set of questions intended to assess how the power of the Notgemeinschaft/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) refashioned African Studies in Germany during the interwar period. The Notgemeinschaft counted fifty-seven members, all exclusively scientific institutions. When the Notgemeinschaft was founded, Wissenschaft had been divided into at first twenty, then later into twenty-one sub-committees. The files of Africa-related applications to the DFG contain important and detailed data on the subjects of the proposals, as well as on the financial aspects of the applications. The DFG's support also favored a general process of professionalization, bringing African studies into the realm of the academy. The advent of the Third Reich led to deep changes within the DFG. After World War II all hopes for retrieving Germany's colonial possessions in Africa were forever buried.

After the earthquake, the missionaries near Shillong noticed that a much longer stretch of road was visible on the route leading from Mawphlang to Mairang as it rounded distant spurs. The tombs of the missionaries and British officials that sat on the grassy knolls at Cherrapunji were driven into the loose sand and now leaned over at various angles. The great earthquake was also known as the Jubilee Earthquake; just over a week later, on 22 June 1897, Queen Victoria, Empress of India, celebrated her diamond jubilee. By 19 June the Viceroy Lord Elgin had received a sympathetic telegram from the Queen, and on Jubilee Day presided over the State ceremonial at Simla. For subsequent generations, the catastrophe of 1897 marked a zero point in the region's history, but it is also an irresistible final metaphor of the collision of cultures and the aftershocks of empire.

By 1919, the French had assembled one of the largest empires in the world, second only to the British. Inspired by the directions of research pioneered by John MacKenzie, specialists of the French Empire started to combine methodologies from social and cultural history to revise our perception of French popular imperialism. Imperial locations increasingly became sources of inspiration in the visual arts, and Algeria appealed to some of the most prominent French artists. The cultures of French Indochina subsequently sparked sustained interest from explorers, scientists (archaeologists, historians, linguists) and writers, whose findings were shared with the metropolitan public through books and articles. The discovery of oil fields turned the Sahara into a cornerstone of French imperial grandeur in the 1950s. Books and even films advocated the implementation of ambitious plans of development under French rule, which were unrealistic given the likely outcome of the Algerian war.

African ethnography had a range of 'different lives' that need to be interrogated carefully. This chapter examines the unequal organization of scholarly labour in French-speaking Africa. The administrator ethnographers, however, believed Africans' writings were only useful in terms of the collection of raw data. The promotion of research in general and of indigenous writing in particular, was once again encouraged by the colonial administration. The creation in 1936 of the Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire (IFAN), to replace the old Committee for Historical and Scientific Studies of French West Africa, also served this policy. When, in 1932, schoolmaster Mamby Sidibe embarked on his Collection of local customs of the Kita District, it was his intention to make it 'the new administrator's bedside book'. Like his colleagues Fily Dabo Sissoko, Mamby Sidibe and Bouillagui Fadiga, Oumar Berte undertook historical and ethnographic research and produced different written documents.

An examination of the Collettivo Punx Anarchici of Torino suggests that punk served as an Ersatz for the lack of enjoyable public spaces in the city. A better understanding of the Collettivo's relationship to Torino may be gleaned from the notion of 'articulation' developed within the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS), and by Stuart Hall in particular. Punk is understood to represent a complex set of ideologies and practices that transcend any specific national culture. This chapter aims to reveal the complex interaction between the (sub)cultural productions of a group of youngsters in an industrial city under economic duress. It provides an analysis of local youth resistance, first as a form of Publizität from below, that is, as an agency able to rebuild a public space of struggle, dialogue and politics. The chapter addresses punk as a spatial and cultural articulation of resistance.