This chapter considers what differentiated colonial/peripheral from imperial/metropolitan science in the eighteenth-century Hispanic World. It combines Livingstone's approach to the history of science with the growing historiography on creole patriotism, which posits the gradual emergence of a distinctive creole identity in Spanish America. The study of nature to some extent fortified creole patriotism. It convinced Americans of the economic and scientific potential of their native regions and inspired creole naturalists to undertake research that would honour and glorify their native lands. The chapter suggests that natural history was one of the fields in which this genuine transmutation occurred. It explores how European misconceptions about American nature galvanised savants on the imperial periphery to dispel errors about their homelands, and how their research in turn fortified their patriotic sentiments.

Jomo Kenyatta and Bronislaw Malinowski met in December 1934, soon after the latter had told Princess Marie Bonaparte he was to meet 'real experts' on the Kikuyu people. The book, Facing Mount Kenya, was one of the first anthropological monographs by an African. Kenyatta met Britain's African affairs community on his first visit to London in 1929-30. Malinowski forwarded Kenyatta's application for a London School of Economics (LSE) library card, remarking on his great 'influence among the educated Africans here and in Africa'. Malinowski was increasingly critical of colonialism and came to believe that anthropologists must become 'not only the interpreter of the native, but also his champion'. His relationship with Kenyatta probably also informed his new conviction that educated Africans could no longer be denied equal rights. Kenyatta's politics increased his value, since Malinowski maintained that functionalist anthropology could be politically useful to colonial administrators.

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book explores and contextualises the ways in which the practices, results and complexities of Britain's extra-European activities were 'exhibited' to British people. It shows how the authorities in Zanzibar tried to use the opportunity presented by the British Empire Exhibition in Wembley to present carefully calibrated images about the protectorate to the British public. The book sheds light on the complex interplay between 'metropole' and 'periphery', both within the United Kingdom and in the wider Empire beyond. The country's imperial status seemed to pervade almost every aspect of British culture from exhibitions, panoramas and theatrical performances to art, literature and music. Such influences and impacts were multiple and complex, and frequently became deeply embedded in British domestic culture.

Scholars have discussed the 'rewiring' of pre-colonial indigenous circuitries and the 'major re-orientation of linkages' that occurred with the advent of colonial rule and modern maritime transport systems in the Pacific. Maritime transport infrastructure was overlaid with restrictive, racialised ideas about space, labour and national belonging. Colonial exhibitions in the Australasian colonies presented indigenous men with new mobility opportunities. The Decrease Report maintained that solevu mobilities appeared to be on the increase with the introduction of European-style craft. Restrictions on the engagement of Fijian crew for vessels registered in Fiji and trading solely within the island group, such as the Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand's (USSCo.) inter-island steamer, were of less concern. The activities of Fijian sailors were subject to a host of new regulations. In 1886 the Marine Board produced the 'Native Seamen's Book of Instructions'.

In the cocoa chain model, chocolate consumption is the final stage, the definitive purpose of production. This chapter focuses on the texts and images of chocolate created by manufacturers and their advertising agents from the late nineteenth to the late twentieth centuries. Studying adverts for different products, the chapter considers how chocolate consumption has been represented and how it has been encoded with meanings of gender, race and nation. The chapter studies the meanings of chocolate consumption created in British advertising campaigns. It focuses on the marketing of Rowntree brands developed with the exception of cocoa in the 1930s. The chapter examines depictions of Coco and Honeybunch in more detail to see how, and to what effect, they correspond to contemporary black stereotypes, and how they deviate from such images. It looks more generally at how chocolate adverts drew on ideas about 'place' to exploit nationalistic feeling.

The gospel of child rescue was a discursive creation, the impact of which would be felt for generations to come. The child rescue movement was largely coincident with the reign of Queen Victoria, and used her jubilees and death to reflect on its achievements with pride. The child rescue message was developed in so-called 'waif novels', the most famous of which was Hesba Stretton's Jessica's Last Prayer. The plight of childhood was a familiar topic, embraced by popular novelists and writers producing material specifically for children. The childhood of Christ as detailed in the gospels, and the special attention he paid to children during his ministry, also provided valuable material. The child rescue magazines provided the child rescuers with an outlet through which they could define and redefine the services they were delivering.

The introduction provides a general overview of the ‘reform’ treatises as a body of sources. The fact that there are approximately six-hundred of these documents is noted. The authors of the documents are examined with specific reference to their ethnic background and status within Irish officialdom. The different forms in which treatises were written and the major themes are then overviewed. Finally, issues such as intertextuality and how writers borrowed from one another are looked at.

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book traces the relationships between companies, governments and emerging racist, colonial and imperialist ideologies through their production of image. It highlights the way in which racist representations continually developed and shifted throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, depending on the particular political and economic interests of the producers of these images. The book explores the Eurocentric image of the 'savage' and 'heathen', the period of slavery, European exploration and missionary activity, as well as the colonisation of Africa. It contributes to Douglas Kellner's request for a 'critical cultural studies' that situates culture within 'a socio-historical context' and 'criticises forms of culture that foster subordination'. The book reveals the purposes to which the images of dehumanisation and exploitation were employed.

This chapter aims to reassess, contextualise and explain the contentious nature of Oi! in order to recover a marginalised voice that offers insight into aspects of broader socio-economic, political and cultural change. It focuses on Oi!'s class rhetoric and use of locality as key components of class-cultural identity. Oi! is located within the broader trajectory of British punk. The chapter discusses competing interpretations of Oi! with regard to wider debate on the politics of youth culture. It outlines Oi!'s predominant motifs in relation to the working-class milieu from which it emerged. If Oi! offered a view from the dead end of the street, as Garry Johnson insisted, then the chapter hopes to historicise its vision of a blighted early 1980s Britain. The chapter proposes that youth cultures and popular music provide a portal into the formative thoughts, aspirations and concerns of a not insubstantial section of the population.

This chapter proposes an integrated approach by examining dress and its associated practices in situ, thereby making the case for place and practice being paramount as determinants of the meanings of dress. It considers the dress practice of the genteel woman in Britain. The chapter provides an overview of the depth and range of her dress expertise and how she acquired her knowledge and sourced her dress. It discusses the meanings which her peers and wider society ascribed to her appearance. The chapter describes the position of the appropriately attired woman in colonial societies. Factors analyzed in the chapter are: the challenges of changing climates and the responses to shortages of textiles and other supplies. The chapter analyses some more factors are: the making and maintenance of the garments, the tricky matter of style various technological developments, and geographic and demographic features.

From Shakespeare's odd use of one figure in one myth, this chapter considers some metamorphoses of Shakespeare and of Ovid. It has general points to reiterate about imaginative association, influence, historically diachronic descent study, as evidenced in that kind of critical work. Measure for Measure's Lucio's multiply insulting reference to Pygmalion invites us to linger over questions of allusion and interpretation in Shakespeare and his contemporaries. The chapter explores how the unpleasant crack in the mouth of the chancer, Lucio, came to be there; and what it implies for the circumstances of this play, but also for interpretation more generally. 'Allusion' raises many of the difficulties familiar from studies of 'influence': here, too, one must beware of mistaking a resemblance for an apparent line of direct descent. So the chapter looks at a slightly less short extract and the interpretative difficulty of noticing both apparent presences and real absences.