Punk has retained its presence in the subcultural literature that has flourished since the Birmingham University Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) was established in the 1960s. But while theoretical shifts away from the assumed link between youth and subcultural participation have drawn attention to ageing within a subculture, there continues to be a notable absence of women in such analysis. This chapter explores what punk meant to the women; how they expressed and maintained a punk identity; and how their experiences relate to L. Andes' concept of a 'punk career'. It outlines how older punk women became involved in punk and examines how they 'do' punk in relation to three principal areas: music, lifestyle practices and attitude. The chapter considers the findings alongside academic work on the concept of commitment in subcultures. It focuses on the punks of four women, Jett, Cica, Buckfast and Abitbatty, across the UK.

This chapter analyzes dynamics of conflict in Bihar and Jharkand, and explores patterns which shape governance policies, especially in terms of political economy. The author claims that all actors involved in the conflict have the power to exercise a strategic veto, however they cannot structure the outcomes. Naxals on the one side, and state actors on the other, can exercise a strategic veto on each other's operational activities and at the same time they limit each other in terms of policies pursued. However, the state can exercise more power in this case, as it sets terms of engagement. Prakash highlights the importance of the distribution of developmental benefits and claims that they play a central role in protracting the Naxal conflict. In order to break out of this perpetuation of the conflict, local institutions have to be strengthened, especially in terms of their ability to prioritise issues that they deem important, argues Prakash.

This introduction presents an overview of key concepts covered in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book shares Yves Peyré's concentration on historically informed close reading in order to identify and understand the multiple layers that modify mythological texts from generation to generation. It also offers fresh perspectives on classical mythology as it informed the writings of Shakespeare and his contemporaries over a period that ranges from the 1580s to the 1630s, from Christopher Marlowe to Thomas Heywood. Focusing on interweaving processes in early modern appropriations of myth, the book draws on a variety of approaches to ask how the uses of mythological stories enabled writers to play with representations of history, gender and desire. Building on recent research in different areas of early modern studies, the book seeks to heighten awareness of multi-directional interactions in the perception and reappropriation of classical mythology in Elizabethan and Jacobean culture.

This chapter explores two interrelated themes: the socio-sexual control of poor white women, and their participation in North Carolina's colonial and antebellum economy. By the mid-eighteenth century, North Carolina had evolved into a patriarchal hierarchical social order founded on distinctions of race, gender and social class. Some states, including North Carolina, went so far as to sentence the illegitimate children of white women and black men to terms of servitude for the first two to three decades of their lives. The meanings and effects of white racial identity shaped the contours of white women's lives throughout the colonies. Divorce law in North Carolina was certainly more liberal than in other Southern states, but the sanctification of the patriarchal family as the bedrock of Southern society invariably made it difficult for married couples to obtain divorces.

Irishmen played significant, indeed vital, roles in implementing government policy on the frontier and in relation to Afghanistan. Early in 1901 three experienced civil servants were appointed to work out the details of the boundaries of the new north-west frontier provinces (NWFP). Michael O'Dwyer states in his autobiography that they strove to retain or attract some of the pick of the younger officers of the Punjab Commission and largely succeeded. Lord Curzon's scheme for the NWFP worked reasonably well up to and including the First World War, although not so well as he was won't to trumpet. In his official report dated 15 April 1905, Louis William Dane says that the Amir had given verbal assurances in regard to the demarcation of a particular section of the frontier. In May 1908 Dane was made lieut.-governor of Punjab.

This chapter focuses on the representation of a stretch of new world terrain, the mountain range known as the Blue Mountains in New South Wales, Australia and makes some comparisons with the representation of mountains in Snowdonia, Wales. It focuses on Wentworth Falls by Augustus Earle, c.1829. This painting is a view of Wentworth Falls in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales. A nineteenth-century European audience may have had more difficulty in appreciating the aesthetic of the scene. Charles Darwin asserted that the Blue Mountains were different from typical European mountainous scenery. He also hinted at the ways in which these mountains challenged European preconceptions of the sublime. For Macquarie, the benefit of the road over the Blue Mountains was that it constituted a crucial part of the colonizing process and of claiming the land.

The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 led to greater Indian participation in provincial councils. In Punjab, the first such enlarged council, presided over by Louis Dane, sat in January 1910. In 1912 Dane handed over the Delhi district to the Indian government as the enclave of its new capital. Sir Michael O'Dwyer succeeded Dane in May 1913. His term of office, which had been extended to allow him to deal with the disorders, expired in May and he left Punjab on 29 May 1919. The Tribune said of him that he was a man who never lost an opportunity of insulting and humiliating their Punjabis' leaders. He remained interested in India until 1940, when he was assassinated at a meeting of the Royal Central Asian Society by Udham Singh who has been described by General Menezes as a probable survivor of Jallianwallabagh.

Punk is often regarded as a subculture that is essentially based on the principles of authenticity. The inauthenticity of the immigrant punk to the available styles and genres of popular music and its impurity in relation to particular folk traditions translates the dislocation of the immigrant subject. As an example of new postmodern authenticity, this chapter analyses the question of selfhood and discusses the way it is represented in immigrant punk. It reviews the argument that associates punk with postmodernism. The chapter introduces a response to the tension between the postmodern attitude and a search for authenticity by the immigrant punks. This response is analysed in relation to the rebellious, revolutionary and transformative potential of punk, so crucial to its cultural identity. The chapter concludes by situating the inauthenticity of immigrant punk in a theoretical framework of the postmodern subject.

This chapter deals with great country houses built or altered in Ulster during 1790-1840. The English government had ensured through the settlement of land that the Irish and the English were seen as two separate nationalities. Religion and nationality became synonymous after the introduction of the Penal Laws. Furthermore religious and national identity became much more than cultural issues. The country houses built in Ulster during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries incorporated a wide range of architectural styles, from Gothic to Greek Revivalist. The late eighteenth century saw an increase in the number of British architects working in Ireland, and they further disseminated English taste. The country house, whatever its architectural style, became a medium through which they could impose their identity on the landscape and so create some semblance of permanence.

This chapter on the Pan-African Conference of 1900 shows that London was also a city shaped by anti-imperialists. When Henry Sylvester Williams convened the Pan-African Conference in 1900, Dadabhai Naoroji sent financial support despite his own organisation's pecuniary difficulties. If London in 1900 was the great imperial metropolis, it was also a nexus of anti-imperialism. In 1900 the Anti-Slavery Society and the Aborigines Protection Society, organisational descendants of the anti-slavery agitation, offered the community condescending support. At the turn of the twentieth century few could envisage a world without British imperialism. In London in 1900 anti-imperialists of all races wished mainly to humanise it, to turn it into the beneficent world government it claimed to be. London's turn-of-the-century anti-imperialists were mainly British-born, but also came from Ireland, South Asia, the West Indies and Africa.

An analysis of a substantial corpus of German punk song lyrics shows that normality hardly seems to exist within the genre. Denormalisation is either obvious or lurking beneath the surface of normality. This chapter aims to promote the study of language use/discourses in relation to subcultures/punk. It also triggers the interest of critical discourse analysts in the study of subcultural texts and discourse because of their potential to undermine hegemonic discourse. By underpinning an analysis of punk's lyrical topos with Jürgen Link's discussion of normality-as-ideology, it is possible to see punk's critique of normality as a counter-discursive move integral to the punk identity. The chapter is based on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), 'a problem-oriented interdisciplinary research movement, subsuming a variety of approaches' with 'a shared interest in the semiotic dimensions of power, injustice, abuse, and political-economic or cultural change in society'.

The events of the First World War brought to an end a continuous presence of Germans in India dating back at least as far as Ziegenbalg. Walter Leifer's pioneering volumes on the relationship between Germans and India does not regard the end of the First World War as a caesura. The German activity which had characterised the pre-War years also re-emerged. The German missionaries who moved to India formed part of broader missionary networks which incorporated other parts of the world. The events of the First World War would mean that German globalisation came crashing down, especially with the successes of the British Empire, a process which involved the elimination German diasporas. The Germans employed by the Basel Mission in India do not only live in the British Empire but also form part of Swiss imperialism.