An highly miniaturized multiband polarizer for C to Ka-band applications is proposed. The polarizer design consists of resonating patch printed on top of the FR-4 grounded substrate. During reflection, the x/y polarized incident EM wave becomes circularly polarized with Axial Ratio (AR ≤ 3 dB) from 7.88 to 8.01 GHz, 9.01 to 11.65 GHz, 15.36 to 36.57 GHz, and 31.88 to 35.38 GHz, respectively. In addition, this design also demonstrates linear–cross conversion with a minimum 90% Polarization Conversion Ratio (PCR) from 8.28 to 8.60 GHz, 12.56 to 14.19 GHz, and 28.26 to 30.59 GHz. Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) explains the polarization conversion phenomena, and surface current distribution at resonant frequencies supports the multi-polarization conversion phenomena. The proposed design is compact with a periodicity of 0.063λL × 0.076 λL, where λL is the free-space wavelength corresponding to the lowest operating frequency. The fabricated prototype is verified experimentally. The authors believe that the features of the proposed design, like multiband, miniaturized unit cell architecture, and better angular stability, make it a promising contender for satellite applications.

Turbulence closures are essential for predictive fluid flow simulations in both natural and engineering systems. While machine learning offers promising avenues, existing data-driven turbulence models often fail to generalise beyond their training datasets. This study identifies the root cause of this limitation as the conflation of generalisable flow physics and dataset-specific behaviours. We address this challenge using symbolic regression, which yields interpretable, white-box expressions. By decomposing the learned corrections into inner-layer, outer-layer and pressure-gradient components, we isolate universal physics from flow-specific features. The model is trained progressively using high-fidelity datasets for plane channel flows, zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers (ZPGTBLs), and adverse pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers (PGTBLs). For example, direct application of a model trained on channel flow data to ZPGTBLs results in incorrect skin friction predictions. However, when only the generalisable inner-layer component is retained and combined with an outer-layer correction specific to ZPGTBLs, predictions improve significantly. Similarly, a pressure-gradient correction derived from PGTBL data enables accurate modelling of aerofoil flows with both favourable and adverse pressure gradients. The resulting symbolic corrections are compact, interpretable, and generalise across configurations – including unseen geometries such as aerofoils and Reynolds numbers outside the training set. The models outperform baseline Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes closures (e.g. the Spalart–Allmaras and shear stress transport models) in both a priori and a posteriori tests. These results demonstrate that explicit identification and retention of generalisable components is key to overcoming the generalisation challenge in machine-learned turbulence closures.

This study examines the role of the timing of obligatory disambiguating information – obligatory cues – and presence/absence of optional morphological markers in resolving temporary syntactic ambiguity in Spanish object relative clauses. Native adult comprehension (Study 1) reveals similar accuracy for clauses with relatively early obligatory cues, regardless of the presence/absence of additional markers, and those with late obligatory cues with additional markers, but reduced accuracy for those with late obligatory cues without additional markers. Given the phonetic resemblance of the late-disambiguated variant with its corresponding subject relative, we conduct two follow-up perceptual identification tasks with the whole relative clause, including the head (Study 2), and relative clause fragments (Study 3). The identification tasks show that, when instructed to attend to the form of the structures, participants perceive acoustic differences but retain a bias towards subject-relative interpretations. Our results suggest that additional markers aid comprehension of non-canonical structures when obligatory cues occur relatively late within the structure and highlight the dominance of predictive processing over perceptual information in such cases of late disambiguation.

There has been limited research into the effectiveness of penetrating captive bolt (PCB) for stunning horses (Equus caballus) at slaughter. This study observed 100 horses at a commercial abattoir in Mexico, stunned using pneumatic PCB. Animals were assessed at the time of stunning and immediately after for signs of effective/ineffective stunning and shot positioning, with macroscopic gross brain pathology conducted to determine brain trauma. Twenty-five percent (25/100) received more than one shot and 28% (28/100) displayed behavioural signs of ineffective stunning. Of these 28 animals, all had deviations of more than 10 mm from the suggested shot position outlined by the Humane Slaughter Association with rostral-caudal deviation associated with an absence of damage to the thalamus, midbrain, and pons. Forty-four percent (44/100) of animals displayed no damage to critical brain structures (thalamus, midbrain, pons and medulla), with this associated with ineffective stunning. Overall, 16% of shots missed the brain (16/100), with a higher proportion of poll shots (30%) missing the brain compared to frontal shots (12%). There is the potential, when animals are shot into the poll, for paralysis from damage to the spinal cord and caudal brainstem structures. Appropriate position, angle and performance of PCB is therefore vital to achieving an effective stun, by targeting critical brain structures responsible for maintaining consciousness and ensuring proper PCB maintenance. Animals should be routinely checked between stunning and exsanguination, with minimal time between these stages, to minimise recovery of consciousness and alleviate suffering for horses at slaughter.

Buffalo are shy breeders and poor fertility traits are a major hindrance in exploiting the production potential of the animal. This study hypothesizes that polymorphisms in the luteinizing hormone beta (LHβ) gene can affect oestrus behaviour in buffaloes. A total of 100 animals were screened by calculating the heat index (threshold-50) and animals were categorized into two groups (Group1 > 50, Group2 < 50). Animals were subjected to blood sampling, genomic DNA isolation, specific primer based polymerization and sequencing of amplicons. A total of six genomic variations were identified in the gene. c.V15M was a non synonymous mutation found in line with the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium and was significantly associated with the trait. Functional impact of the variation was determined by three-dimensional structure of the protein. Effect of c.V15M on the functionality of the gene was evident and hypothesis was supported so this can potentially be used as a marker for the future development of superior animal breed or regulating the expression of the gene to get the optimal oestrus cyclicity in river buffalo of Pakistan.

One of the central insights of critical and constructivist International Relations (IR) scholarship is that identity-seeking matters in world politics. Ontological Security Studies (OSS) has expanded on this insight, emphasising that actors may prioritise maintaining a stable sense of self over physical security and other concerns. Yet the question of radical identity change, particularly its affective dimension, remains underexplored. To address this gap, we draw on Lacanian psychoanalysis and argue that ontological security is sustained by fantasies aimed at filling a primordial lack that can never be resolved. This lack generates anxiety, which actors attempt to soothe by attaching their desires to empirical signifiers – objects-cause of desire – that promise wholeness. Our argument centres on the idea that the rearticulation of desire occurs through the affective mechanism of catharsis, manifesting as either metaphor or metonymy. We illustrate our argument through the case of Serbia’s cathartic (re)articulation of Kosovo as its object-cause of desire. In particular, we juxtapose earlier successful articulations of Kosovo as a metaphoric substitution for other desires with more recent, less effective attempts to rearticulate the north of Kosovo and the submerged cultural heritage in Gazivode Lake as metonymic substitutions for the rest of the territory.

The study will focus on the German philosopher, Richard Schaeffler (1926–2019). Schaeffler wanted to create a new transcendental philosophy by developing Kant’s thought and thereby a new form of Christian philosophy. In his texts, he not only sketched the contours of a possible Christian transcendental philosophy, but his philosophy is already just such a philosophy. The aim of the study is to answer two questions: How did Schaeffler understand Christian philosophy, and what is specific about his Christian philosophy? In answering these questions, I will briefly compare Richard Schaeffler and Gianni Vattimo, who considered his philosophy to be Christian. The specific character of Christian philosophy – not only of Schaeffler’s – will be highlighted against the background of Vattimo’s philosophy, and the limits and deficiencies of Vattimo’s ‘Christian philosophy’ will be shown against the background of Schaeffler’s thought.

A new species of flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) is described from early Oligocene deposits of the Keasey Formation near Mist, Oregon, USA. The rare preservation of an articulated fish in the Mist crinoid lagerstätte is likely because the specimen represents a relatively pelagic immature individual that had not yet settled into the typical benthic lifestyle of adult flatfishes. The new species is included in a phylogenetic analysis; although it is lacking many characters, it is recovered as an early diverging lineage, sister to the extant members of the superfamily Pleuronectoidea. This phylogenetic position fits well with the age of this fossil and conforms with the origin of flatfishes occurring in the early Cenozoic, followed by diversification and radiation throughout the Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene epochs.

Compressible jets impinging on a perpendicular surface can produce high-intensity, discrete-frequency tones. The character of these tones is a function of nozzle shape, jet Mach number, impingement-plate geometry, and the distance between nozzle and plate. Though it has long been recognised that these tones are associated with a resonance cycle, the exact mechanism by which they are generated has remained a topic of some debate. In this work, we present evidence for a number of distinct tone-generation mechanisms, reconciling some of the different findings of prior authors. We demonstrate that the upstream-propagating waves that close resonance can be confined within the jet, or external to it. These waves can be either weak and relatively linear, or strong and nonlinear from their inception. The waves can undergo coalescence or merging, and in some configurations, pairs of waves rather than singletons appear. We discuss both historical and new evidence for multiple distinct processes by which upstream-propagating waves are produced: direct vortex sound, shock leakage, wall-jet-boundary fluctuations, and wall-jet shocklets. We link these various mechanisms to the disparate collection of upstream-propagating waves observed in the data. We also demonstrate that multiple mechanisms can be provoked by a single vortex, providing an explanation as to why sometimes pairs of waves or merging waves are observed. Through this body of work, we demonstrate that rather than being in opposition, the various pieces of past research on this topic were simply identifying different mechanisms that can support resonance.

We establish the higher fractional differentiability for the minimizers of non-autonomous integral functionals of the form

\begin{align*}\mathcal{F}(u,\Omega):=\int_\Omega \left[ f(x,Du)- g \cdot u \right] dx ,\end{align*}

under (p, q)-growth conditions. Besides a suitable differentiability assumption on the partial map $x \mapsto D_\xi f(x,\xi)$, we do not need to assume any differentiability assumption on the function g.

The paper by Pružina et al. (2025) J. Fluid Mech. 1009, sheds new light on the physical processes responsible for the formation of distinct layers in double-diffusive convection. Towards this end, it discusses direct numerical simulation results within the framework of sorted buoyancy coordinates. In particular, it demonstrates that the eddy diffusivity is negative everywhere, including in the interior of the well-mixed layers. This approach holds promise for analysing other, closely related, flow configurations that give rise to the emergence of pronounced layering features.