This paper employs the ensemble-based data assimilation method to develop a closed-form correction term for the Spalart–Allmaras (S–A) turbulence model to enhance predictive accuracy in separated flows through model-form uncertainty reduction. A compact radial-basis-function expression is proposed as correction model to supersede conventional modification procedures in classic field inversion and machine learning frameworks, achieving computational economy through spatially bounded correction regions. The correction model is derived via the Ensemble Kalman method with effective utilisation of synthesised observations based on the multi-fidelity data aggregation. The modified compact expression trained on a single case is systematically evaluated against unseen separation scenarios and the results show that the developed model can improve the prediction accuracy of flow separation in different validation cases, and the effectiveness of the method is verified. Compared with other black-box models, the correction based on the radial-basis-function form offers reduced complexity and high suitability for direct integration into numerical solvers. This approach facilitates cost-effective data assimilation and enables dynamic adaptation of the correction, thereby enhancing the generalisation capability for similar flow separation conditions.

We consider instrumental variables (IV) estimation of a possibly infinite order dynamic panel autoregressive (AR) process with individual effects. The estimation is based on the sieve AR approximation, with its lag order increasing with sample size. Transforming the variable to eliminate individual effects generates an endogeneity problem, particularly when the time series is only moderately long. IV approaches are useful to obtain well-behaved estimators in panels with large cross sections. We establish the consistency and asymptotic normality of the IV estimators, including the Anderson-Hsiao, generalized method of moments, and double filter IV (DFIV) estimators. The theoretical results are obtained under homoskedasticity using double asymptotics under which both the cross-sectional sample size and the length of the time series tend to infinity. The finite-sample performance of the estimators is examined using Monte Carlo simulation. Our preferred estimator is the DFIV estimator, as it exhibits excellent performance in terms of bias and coverage probability, despite its finite-sample distribution being relatively dispersed.

The Taylor–Green vortex (TGV) serves as a canonical benchmark for studying the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in the absence of solid boundaries. Despite its widespread use in turbulence model validation, the degree to which the TGV exhibits true isotropy and homogeneity, particularly at late stages of decay, remains insufficiently examined. This study employs high-order numerical simulations to investigate these properties for both the standard and isotropic variants of the TGV. Statistical measures, including Reynolds stress anisotropy, coherent structure functions, homogeneity indices and integral length scales, are used to assess flow behaviour over time. Results show that the standard TGV remains anisotropic and inhomogeneous even during late decay stages, with unequal longitudinal length scales and directionally dependent homogeneity indices. The isotropic TGV maintains isotropy by design but still deviates from the characteristics of ideal homogeneous isotropic turbulence, exhibiting larger transverse than longitudinal length scales. Both configurations reveal persistent spatial inhomogeneities manifested as fixed peaks in turbulent kinetic energy and the coherent structure function of plane-averaged statistics. The findings highlight that while the isotropic TGV provides a more balanced and symmetric configuration, neither flow achieves fully homogeneous isotropic turbulence.

How did Protestant female missionaries influence women’s political participation in colonial Korea? Under Joseon Confucian norms, women were excluded from education and public life. The first Western female missionary arrived in 1885 and trained Korean “Bible women,” creating spaces for women’s education and organization during colonial rule (1910–1945). While existing research examines missionary effects on education and fertility, impacts on political participation remain unexplored. Using historical mission records and data on independence activists, I find that greater exposure to female missionaries led to greater female political activism. Gender-specific ordinary least squares analysis reveals that female missionary exposure strongly predicts women’s activism, whereas it has no effect on men. To strengthen causal identification, I employ missionary children as an instrumental variable. Mechanisms operate through female role models and informal networks, including Bible classes and home visits. These findings provide the first systematic evidence linking Protestant missions to women’s political empowerment before suffrage, with effects persisting in female political representation after 1945.

The article examines the tax policies the UK Labour government pursued in its first year in office in the context of its economic and fiscal inheritance. It presents the promises of the 2024 Labour Party Manifesto and the government’s main tax policies to June 2025. The article considers several possible interpretations of the government’s tax policies including the desire both to raise revenues and to establish fiscal credibility and assesses whether tax measures have been used to address social policy goals. The article concludes that, while cautious and even conservative, Labour’s approach to tax and tax policy making did not appear to be based on a cohesive plan, was not accompanied by a coherent or compelling narrative, and failed to seize the opportunity for a bolder strategy.

We describe a family of hyperplane arrangements depending on a positive integer parameter r, which we refer to as the r-braid arrangements, and which can be viewed as a generalization of the classical braid arrangement. The wonderful compactification of the braid arrangement (with respect to its minimal building set) is well-known to yield the moduli space $\overline {\mathcal {M}}_{0,n}$, and, in this work, we generalize this result, constructing a moduli space $\overline {\mathcal {M}}^r_{n}$ of certain genus-zero curves with an order-r automorphism that we identify with the corresponding wonderful compactification of the r-braid arrangement. The resulting space is a variant of the previously studied moduli space $\overline {\mathcal {L}}^r_n$ of [CDH+22], related via a change of weights on the markings.

Microhabitat associations in sessile invertebrates are largely determined by larval choices and early differential post-settlement mortality. Either process can have a broad community-wide impact when it regulates a cascade of foundation species, each facilitating multiple dependent taxa. On mixed sediments in shallow subtidal of Onega Bay (the White Sea, 65° N) cockles, barnacles and ascidians act as foundation species forming a multi-level facilitation cascade. Barnacles Balanus crenatus monopolize empty shells of the Greenland cockle Serripes groenlandicus, whereas ascidians (mainly Styela rustica) attach almost exclusively to barnacles and conspecifics. Field observations and experiments evidence that barnacles facilitate ascidians and suggest that individual patches shift from barnacle to ascidian dominance over time. Ascidian recruits are found on barnacles and almost never on Serripes shells, a pattern that may result either from substrate-specific larval settlement or from differential post-settlement mortality.

Here, we experimentally tested whether larval substrate preferences generate this pattern. In a laboratory experiment, fertilized Styela eggs were added to aerated seawater tanks containing Serripes shells with and without barnacles, and the distribution of ascidian juveniles was quantified after 10 days. Contrary to our hypothesis, settlement density on Serripes shells exceeded that on barnacles. This result rules out larval substrate selection as the primary mechanism and instead implicates substrate-specific post-settlement mortality of a secondary foundation species as the most likely driver of facilitation.

In post-war Britain there was cross-party political pressure to ensure that disabled veterans received fair compensation. This produced a particular challenge to the state’s deployment of psychiatric knowledge. In 1943 new laws governing the pension appeal tribunals were passed to give veterans the benefit of the doubt in their appeals, throwing the spotlight on diseases considered by psychiatrists to have hereditary aetiologies, such as schizophrenia. This paper reconstructs the medico-legal history of schizophrenia appeal cases to better understand both how the pursuit of judicial procedure interacted with medical uncertainty and how post-war sympathies for veterans helped to normalize schizophrenia in public life. Making invalidity fair meant ensuring that the government was held to the standards of legal procedure in its award of war disability pensions. Moreover, in the case of schizophrenia, it also meant using legal means to force the psychiatric profession to be more honest about the limits of its disease theories. The interaction of medical and legal epistemic practices produced a hybrid entity, stress-triggered schizophrenia, as a socially acceptable solution to the problem of medical uncertainty.

Physical human–robot collaboration (pHRC) has gained significant traction in industrial settings due to its exceptional flexibility and adaptability. However, robots often face unexpected nonlinear and random impact disturbances during task execution, which pose risks such as human injury and robotic instability. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel control strategy based on improved shear-thickening fluid control (ISFC) for enhancing human–robot cooperation. Drawing inspiration from the unique properties of shear-thickening fluids, ISFC is designed to ensure stable collaboration between humans and robots while effectively mitigating the effects of random impacts. Furthermore, an ISFC-based framework is introduced for human/dual-arm robot collaboration. Comprehensive simulations and experimental evaluations are conducted to validate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed approach. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional linear admittance control (L-AC) and SFC, ISFC not only has excellent impact resistance (peak velocity<0.1 m/s under 30 N impacts) but also overcomes the stability defects of SFC in low-speed operation, reducing the convergence time by 94.1% (from 8.29 s to 0.50 s) and residual displacement by 49.3% (from 13.21 mm to 6.7 mm). In dual-arm collaboration, the position synchronization error remains below 8 mm. These improvements provide a new idea for the application of human–robot collaboration.

A closed Riemannian three-manifold $(Y,g)$ equipped with a torsion spin$^c$ structure determines a family of Dirac operators $\{D_B\}$ parametrized by a $b_1(Y)$-dimensional torus $\mathbb {T}_Y$. In this paper, we develop techniques to study how the topology of the locus $\mathsf {K}\subset \mathbb {T}_Y$ corresponding to operators with non-trivial kernel (the three-dimensional analogue of the theta divisor of a Riemann surface) depends on the geometry of the metric. As a concrete example of our methods, we show that for any metric on the three-torus $Y=T^3$ for which the spectral gap $\lambda _1^*$ on coexact $1$-forms is large, after a small perturbation of the family, the locus $\mathsf {K}$ is a two-sphere.

While the result only involves linear operators, its proof relies on the non-linear analysis of the Seiberg-Witten equations. It follows from a more general understanding of transversality in the context of the monopole Floer homology of a torsion spin$^c$ three-manifold $(Y,\mathfrak {s})$ with a large $\lambda _1^*$. When $b_1>0$, this gives rise to a very rich setup and we discuss a framework to describe explicitly in certain situations the Floer homology groups of $(Y,\mathfrak {s})$ in terms of the topology of the family of Dirac operators $\{D_B\}$.

This article identifies and comments on a hitherto unobserved hexameter fragment transmitted as a proverb in the Suda which may on linguistic and metrical grounds date to the Imperial period.

Consumer understanding of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is poor, and no consensus definition exists. This study examines how young adults in the United States (US) define UPF and their ability to differentiate UPF from non-UPF of varying nutritional quality (NQ). In a mixed-methods survey of young adults (18–39 years) living in the US for ≥1 year, respondents defined UPF, identified whether 24 foods were UPF or not using images with front and back of package information, and answered demographic questions. Foods were categorised using NOVA for processing and Food Compass for NQ. They included a high NQ non-UPF, low NQ non-UPF, high NQ UPF, and low NQ UPF item from six food groups: fruits, vegetables, dairy, grains, protein, and snacks/sweets. Concepts used to define UPF were reported as number of respondents mentioning each in their definition. A score of correct answers out of 24 was calculated. The sample of 422 adults, mean age 26.0±6.7 years, was predominantly white (82%), female (74%), and from the Northeast (82%). Thirty concepts were identified to define UPF. The top concepts were food containing additives, preservatives, colours/dyes, or natural or artificial flavours (N = 105), containing non-natural/artificial ingredients or food (N = 98), being highly processed/processed in multiple steps (N = 95), being altered, manipulated, or modified (N = 87), and having low nutritional value/nutrients removed (N = 75). The mean score was 16.0±3.6 (67%) foods. These results suggest limited consensus on how young adults define UPF. Studies in more diverse populations are needed, but consumers may benefit from a clear definition of UPF.

Digital transmission of traditional cultural heritage faces challenges of insufficient user engagement and superficial dissemination. Using the Cizhou kiln as a case study, this research proposes the “Creation-as-Transmission” design paradigm, which transcends traditional unidirectional display models by transforming users from cultural consumers to cultural co-creators. This paradigm systematically integrates situated cognition theory and co-creation theory, achieving deep cultural learning and socialized transmission through AI collaborative creation. Empirical studies (N = 200) demonstrate that compared to traditional methods, this paradigm significantly enhances cultural cognition (74% improvement) and the proportion of spontaneous sharing on social media (82.6% sharing rate). More importantly, this research provides the first quantification of causal mechanisms between creative behaviors and cultural cognition, establishing a predictive model explaining 73.1% of cognitive variance and offering mechanistic evidence for situated learning theory’s application in cultural heritage transmission. The research contributions have threefold value: theoretically, it expands HCI understanding of the relationship between “design behaviors and cognitive effects”; methodologically, it provides a transferable implementation framework for other intangible cultural heritage; practically, it opens new pathways for digital technologies to promote sustainable cultural transmission.

This article examines Arrian’s decision to date events in the Anabasis and Indica by eponymous archon of Athens and Athenian month. In the past, scholars have only been concerned with whether the dates are correct rather than with why Arrian is using them in the first place. His sources Ptolemy and Aristoboulus did not use this dating system, so Arrian must have converted the dates he found in his sources to this format, and he must have done so for a purpose. It is argued that the key to the schema is Arrian’s use of an archon date to mark Alexander’s crossing of the Euphrates at Thapsacus: this is an unimportant event in Alexander’s anabasis, but a crucial turning point in Xenophon’s. The archon dates thus structure a comparison between the two anabaseis, emphasizing how much greater Alexander’s was by comparison with Xenophon’s in line with his comments on the subject in the Second Preface. Arrian used Athenian archon dates for this purpose to indicate his own familiarity with Athens without having to explicitly state it. This is indicative of how, again in line with his statement in the Second Preface, he preferred to intimate details of his biography to his readers rather than state them openly.

Migration history is a growing field – yet the legal status of migrants in early modern England has not yet been investigated in detail. Reconstructing the legal system that governed migrants in early modern England does not just add significant depth and nuance to histories of migration and migrants, but also provides fresh insight into the status of English subjects. Furthermore, it enables historians to trace longer histories of the exclusion of migrants from rights in England and Britain. This article reconstructs the common law governance of migrants between c. 1540 and c. 1640, showing how common law principles and practices excluded migrants from the rights-bearing status of English subjects. Rather than being governed by the law, migrants were substantively governed under prerogative, a form of governance repeatedly resisted by English subjects. Although some migrants could access (unstable) liberties granted under prerogative, for the most part migrants were also subject to discriminatory local byelaws and licences and commissions granted by the crown for their exploitation. The repeated ‘molestation’ of migrants by informers for working contrary to statute, and petitions against this harassment from migrants suggest this early modern system of immigration control was relatively well understood by both subjects and migrants.