In turbulent pipe flows, drag-reducing polymers are commonly used to reduce skin-friction drag; however, predicting this reduction in industry applications, such as crude oil pipelines, remains challenging. The skin-friction coefficient ($C_f$) of polymer drag-reduced turbulent pipe flows can be related to three dimensionless parameters: the solvent Reynolds number ($Re_s$), the Weissenberg number ($Wi$) and the ratio of solvent viscosity ($\eta _s$) to zero-shear-rate viscosity ($\eta _0$), denoted as $\beta$. The function that relates these four dimensionless numbers was determined using experiments of various pipe diameters ($D$), flow velocities ($U$) and drag-reducing polyacrylamide solutions. The experiments included measurements of streamwise pressure drop ($\Delta P$) for determining $C_f$, and measurements of shear viscosity ($\eta$) and elastic relaxation time ($\lambda$). This experimental campaign involved 156 flow conditions, each characterised by distinct values for $C_f$, $Re_s$, $Wi$ and $\beta$. Experimental results demonstrated good agreement with the relationship: $C_f^{-1/2} = \widehat {A}\log _{10}(Re_sC_f^{1/2})+\widehat {B}$, where $\widehat {A} = 27.6(Wi \beta )^{0.346}$ and $\widehat {B} = 122/15-58.9(Wi \beta )^{0.346}$. Based on this relationship, onset and maximum drag reduction are predicted to occur when $Wi \beta$ equals $3.76 \times 10^{-3}$ and $3.40 \times 10^{-1}$, respectively. This function can predict $C_f$ of dilute polyacrylamide solutions based on predefined parameters (bulk velocity, pipe diameter, density, solvent viscosity) and two measurable rheological properties of the solution (shear viscosity and elastic relaxation time) with an accuracy of $\pm 9.36$ %.

Drawing on ethnographic research from Amami Ōshima, southern Japan, this paper documents the ways in which contemporary societies, from the hamlet to the nation state, are wrestling with opposing forces of environmental and economic sustainability and discusses the fractures this creates for people and ecosystems. It uses as a case study the protest to stop the construction of a seawall being built in Katoku, an ocean hamlet in Amami, based within the buffer zone of the island’s United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Natural Heritage Site. Rather than being built with the primary aim to protect “people and property,” I suggest this infrastructural intervention is a symbolic declaration of risk management and repository of huge economic value for the island and prefecture. The background to the paper is the return of a cache of color photographs taken by an American anthropologist in the 1950s and the 70th anniversary of the reversion of Amami in 1953 from US military to Japanese control. The paper considers the contemporary ramifications of policy instituted in the post-World War II period, that has sought to maximize the potential of “remote” areas and continues to favor growth and development at the expense of the health of multispecies island communities.

This article offers the first systematic analysis of the role that violence played in the management of apprentices, and the gendered dynamics of violence in English apprenticeship more broadly. It does so through an examination of 195 petitions that apprentices or their supporters submitted to the Middlesex and Westminster Sessions, which sought the cancellation of their indentures on grounds of ‘immoderate correction’. It offers a quantitative overview of the surviving petitions, examining the proportion that featured allegations of violence, the terms and level of detail in which violence was described, and its relationship to apprentices’ other stated grievances. It moves on to reconstruct the factors that could prompt masters and mistresses to mete out correction (as well as their commentaries on their perceived right to do so) and the tactics that petitioners used in crafting their complaints to legal authorities. Although female apprentices complained about violence at a disproportionate rate to their male peers, the material considered here suggests that their petitions did so in comparatively formulaic and restricted terms. The final section considers what implications this might have for our understandings of violence, gender and apprenticeship, and a genre of document – the petition – that provides access to these issues.

A number of philosophers have recently argued that there is such a thing as ‘epistemic blame’: blame targeted at epistemic norm violations qua epistemic norm violations. However, Smartt (2024) and Matheson and Milam (2022) have recently provided several arguments in favour of thinking epistemic blame either doesn’t exist or is never justified. This paper argues that these challenges are unsuccessful and along the way evaluates the prospects for various accounts of epistemic blame. It also reflects on the dialectic between sceptics and realists about epistemic blame and what choice points are available for moving the debate forward.

This essay reviews the following films:

El agente topo. Directed by Maite Alberdi. Produced by Micromundo Producciones, Motto Pictures, and Sutor Kolonko. Chile, 2020, 84 min. Distributed by Micromundo Producciones, Mandra Films, and Volya Films.

La memoria infinita. Directed by Maite Alberdi. Produced by Micromundo Producciones. Chile, 2023, 85 min. Distributed by Micromundo Producciones, Mandra Films, and Volya Films.

Los niños. Directed by Maite Alberdi. Produced by Micromundo Producciones, Mandra Films, and Volya Films. Chile, 2016, 82 min. Distributed by Micromundo Producciones, Mandra Films, and Volya Films.

Conduct disorder is a psychological condition marked by persistent patterns of rule-breaking, aggression and disregard for societal norms. As pornography consumption becomes increasingly prevalent among young adults, concerns have emerged regarding its potential psychological and social implications. This study explores how pornography consumption may contribute to conduct disorder symptoms among young adults through an in-depth qualitative analysis. Using a case-study approach, four individuals with a history of frequent pornography consumption and behavioural issues linked to conduct disorder were selected. Data were collected through detailed interviews, focusing on their experiences, behavioural patterns and psychological effects. The analysis revealed that prolonged exposure to certain types of pornography was associated with increased impulsivity, aggression and rule-breaking tendencies. Participants also reported social and emotional challenges, further reinforcing conduct disorder symptoms. This study suggests that specific patterns of pornography consumption may play a role in the development or worsening of conduct disorder symptoms. Recognizing these behavioural links is crucial for creating effective prevention and intervention strategies, especially for young adults at risk of engaging in deviant or criminal behaviour.

Aircraft maintenance is a multifaceted process that requires highly skilled, qualified and experienced personnel. Effective maintenance processes optimise aircraft operational lifespan, minimise lifecycle costs and improve reliability by reducing the probability of unexpected maintenance events. The initial diagnostic phase relies on detailed visual inspections conducted by certified technicians. Following inspections, data assessment leads to the development of a comprehensive maintenance plan, along with the sourcing of necessary resources and spare parts. As the maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) sector transitions into the era of Industry 4.0, there is a growing emphasis on integrating data analytics and cyber-physical systems into maintenance practices. A key objective in this evolution is the adoption of robotic systems for inspection tasks. This shift requires the reconfiguration of formal inspection procedures to ensure compatibility with robotic operations. Moreover, it is critical to address the specific requirements of robotics and to incorporate smart hangar technologies that take advantage of real-time data to improve both efficiency and effectiveness in maintenance operations. This study provides a comprehensive review of the MRO landscape and maintenance checks, with a particular focus on robotic aircraft inspection systems, navigation and smart hangar infrastructure. The discussion concludes with an examination of defect detection methods using machine vision along with relevant metrics to compare with human performance.

Calls to defund the police gained prominence with the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement and take various forms. Depending on what will be defunded, the idea has attracted support from different parts of the political spectrum. The politicized nature of the debate often cuts short reflection on how best to assess proposals to defund the police. This article takes up that task. It begins by developing a typology of defund measures: abolitionist cuts, abolitionist reallocation, disaggregative cuts, and disaggregative reallocation. It then outlines a framework to evaluate policing and defund measures, drawing on criteria from the ethics of defensive force. Since policing relies on force, it faces a high justificatory bar and must satisfy the principles of just aim, proportionality, and necessity. The state should not fund unjustified forms of policing that violate those principles. Different violations, though, demand different policy responses.

The remote center of motion (RCM) mechanism is one of the key components of minimally invasive surgical robots. Nevertheless, the most widely used parallelogram-based RCM mechanism tends to have a large footprint, thereby increasing the risk of collisions between the robotic arms during surgical procedures. To solve this problem, this study proposes a compact RCM mechanism based on the coupling of three rotational motions realized by nonlinear transmission. Compared to the parallelogram-based RCM mechanism, the proposed design offers a smaller footprint, thereby reducing the risk of collisions between the robotic arms. To address the possible errors caused by the elasticity of the transmission belts, an error model is established for the transmission structure that includes both circular and non-circular pulleys. A prototype is developed to verify the feasibility of the proposed mechanism, whose footprint is further compared with that of the parallelogram-based RCM mechanism. The results indicate that our mechanism satisfies the constraints of minimally invasive surgery, provides sufficient stiffness, and exhibits a more compact design. The current study provides a new direction for the miniaturization design of robotic arms in minimally invasive surgical robots.

The social category of “youth” occupies liminal space with blurred boundaries between “childhood” and “adulthood.” Dominant modes of socio-legal inquiry into youth typically yield adult-centered, criminological accounts that place adult interests and perspectives at the core of their analyses, focusing ultimately on remedies to quell troubled adolescents and suppress disruptive delinquents. Youth-centered accounts, by contrast, locate young people as agents negotiating the contradictory expectations of adults and their institutions while forging socio-legal orders of their own making. This review essay draws from six key works on youth published over the past century—Kathryn Abrams’s Open Hand, Close Fist: Practices of Undocumented Organizing in a Hostile State, James Coleman’s The Adolescent Society: The Social Life of the Teenager and Its Impact on Education, Nikki Jones’s Beyond Good and Ghetto: African American Girls and Inner-City Violence, C. J. Pascoe’s, Nice Is Not Enough: Inequality and the Limits of Kindness at American High, Forrest Stuart’s The Ballad of the Bullet: Gangs, Drill Music, and the Power of Online Infamy, and Frederick Thrasher’s 1927 text The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago—to explore how young people constitute their own socio-legal orders. This exploration suggests a new front in research on legal pluralism while identifying mechanisms through which youth-centered socio-legal orders influence adult-centered orders via mobilization, cooperation, imitation, and imbrication.

This article addresses the doctrine of remoteness in tort in light of the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Armstead v Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance Co. Ltd. Armstead further attenuates an already weak control on tortious liability. In outline, it does so in two ways: first, by establishing that contractual liabilities incurred as a result of tortiously caused property damage comprise non-remote damage provided that those liabilities represent a reasonable pre-estimate of the counterparty’s loss; and, secondly, by allocating the burden of proof in respect of remoteness to defendants. This article explores these rules. It contends, in particular, that the first collides with the fundamental principle that the extent of the claimant’s loss in tort is irrelevant to the issue of remoteness while the second means that, oddly, the onus of proof in relation to remoteness in tort differs from that in contract.