Accurate typhoon track nowcasting is vital for navigation and coastal disaster prevention. This research integrates a Large Language Model (LLM) with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) technology for typhoon path prediction. Leveraging LLMs as the predictive foundation, the approach tailors forecasts to individual typhoon characteristics. The methodology involves collecting satellite imagery, standardizing data, and employing optical flow methods to track typhoons and derive path coordinates. These coordinates are preprocessed and embedded into the LLM. RAG enhances the LLM’s predictive performance, enabling effective forecasting. Increasing typhoon-specific embedded data further improves accuracy. Using the FY-4 dataset, the method achieved an average absolute error of 10.78 km in 12-hour predictions. The study demonstrates that LLM-RAG integration excels in nowcasting.

The northeast region of India, part of the Indo–Burma biodiversity hotspot, is a vital reservoir of genetic diversity for agricultural crops, particularly rice. Chakhao, the black scented rice of Manipur, India is celebrated for its mild nutty flavour, distinctive aroma and high anthocyanin content. This study evaluated 22 economically significant Chakhao landraces using DUS characterization, along with biochemical and molecular profiling. Key findings revealed low amylose content (3.4–6.97%) and diverse grain types, predominantly short to medium slender. Anthocyanin concentrations varied widely, with certain genotypes surpassing 350 mg/100 g – levels even higher than those found in blueberries. Notably, landraces such as Chakhao_Bn-4, Chakhao_Ch-2, Chakhao_Cp-1 and Chakhao_IE-1 exhibited exceptional anthocyanin content (>390 mg/100 g), making them excellent candidates for future breeding programs. These lines also score the highest (9 – dark purple) in decorticated grains colour, a key trait for geographical indication (GI) status. Anthocyanin-related traits such as were the primary contributors to phenotypic diversity in the first three principal components, while structural and developmental traits influenced subsequent components. The study also revealed a striking lack of similarity in groupings based on morphological versus molecular data, as indicated by a low Baker’s Gamma correlation coefficient (0.034). Multivariate analysis integrating both data types highlighted substantial genetic and phenotypic diversity, reinforcing the necessity for comprehensive conservation strategies. The recent GI status of Chakhao has boosted global interest in Chakhao, prompting an initiate crop improvement program utilizing these landraces to drive economic resilience in marginal farming communities.

Weed management in peanut primarily relies on intensive herbicide programs. Integrating cereal rye as a cover crop may reduce herbicide input without compromising weed control. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate cereal rye termination management and herbicide programs in peanut. Main plot treatments included a winter fallow control and four cereal rye termination scenarios: (1) early termination 28 days before peanut planting (DBP) with residue rolled flat, (2) early termination 28 DBP with residue left standing, (3) late termination 14 DBP with residue rolled flat, or (4) late termination 14 DBP with residue left standing. Sub-plot treatments consisted of four herbicide programs: (1) preemergence (PRE) plus early postemergence (EPOST) plus mid-postemergence (MPOST) herbicides; (2) PRE plus MPOST herbicides; (3) EPOST plus MPOST herbicides; and (4) a nontreated control. Early cereal rye termination (28 DBP), whether rolled or standing, reduced Palmer amaranth density by 36 to 48% without PRE herbicides and by 36 to 50% when PRE herbicides (fluridone or flumioxazin) were applied. Sicklepod density was unaffected by early termination. In contrast, late termination reduced sicklepod density by 47 to 50% and Palmer amaranth density by 64–86% relative to the winter fallow control at 28 days after PRE application. Across all treatments, cereal rye reduced Palmer amaranth and sicklepod biomass by 63 to 67% and 63 to 65%, respectively, 28 days after MPOST herbicide application. However, standing cereal rye residue reduced peanut yield compared to rolled residue and the winter fallow. Late-terminated, rolled cereal rye residue combined with reduced herbicide programs (PRE plus MPOST or EPOST plus MPOST) provided weed control and yield comparable to the intensive herbicide program (PRE plus EPOST plus MPOST) in winter fallow control. Based on these findings, late-terminated, rolled cereal rye has the potential to reduce herbicide input while maintaining peanut yield and effective weed suppression.

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are a highly conserved family of proteins involved in a variety of biological processes and developmental pathways critical for proper growth and the maintenance of normal physiological functions in animals. However, the specific BMP-like ligand in Fasciola gigantica, a zoonotic liver fluke of major veterinary and public health importance, has not yet been clearly identified and fully characterized. In this report, we describe the molecular structure, key characteristics, evolutionary relationships, and expression patterns of F. gigantica Decapentaplegic (FgDpp), a putative member of the BMP family. The complete cDNA sequence of FgDpp was 3,765 bp in length and included a 2,811 bp coding sequence (CDS), which encodes a 936-amino-acid precursor protein. This precursor is predicted to undergo proteolytic processing to yield a 185-amino-acid mature peptide. Sequence analysis revealed two conserved domains characteristic of BMP family members: a TGF-β pro-peptide domain and a TGF-β domain containing seven conserved cysteine residues. Expression profiling across developmental stages showed that FgDpp is highly expressed in embryonated eggs and metacercariae, with minimal expression in unembryonated eggs, newly excysted juveniles (NEJs), and adult flukes. These findings contribute to the molecular characterization of FgDpp and suggest its potential involvement in early developmental regulation, offering a foundation for future functional studies and potential targets for parasite control strategies.

We first extend previous results of Koskivirta with Wedhorn and Goldring regarding the existence of $\mu $-ordinary Hasse invariants for Hodge-type Shimura varieties to other automorphic line bundles. We also determine exactly which line bundles admit nonzero sections on the stack of G-zips of Pink–Wedhorn–Ziegler. Then, we define and study the Cox ring of the stack of G-zips and show that it is always finitely generated. Finally, beyond the case of line bundles, we define a ring of vector-valued automorphic forms on the stack of G-zips and study its properties. We prove that it is finitely generated in certain cases.

The Ming dynasty’s survival depended on locating and employing men with the ability to direct military forces, and contemporary observers were deeply concerned with the nexus of command, troop morale, and dynastic fighting capacity. This essay focuses on the years following the Tumu Crisis of 1449, a time when dynastic authorities were particularly alive to issues of military ability, and it draws on the perspectives of two men, the Minister of War, Yu Qian 于謙 (1398–1457), and another more junior official, Ye Sheng 葉盛 (1420–72). The essay offers a snapshot of how military ability was defined, cultivated, assessed, and rewarded. Further, it suggests that, read carefully, the writings of Ye Sheng and Yu Qian not only offer insight into the views of elite civil officials but also shed light, however faint and wavering, on military labor and working conditions for those who fought and commanded for a living.

This article investigates the artistic milieu of the Qajar dynasty through a critical analysis of the distinctive and sophisticated style of Mahmud Khan Malek al-Shuʿarā (1813–93), contextualizing his work alongside that of his contemporaries, with particular emphasis on Kamal al-Mulk (1859–1940), the most renowned painter of the period. Through close analysis of selected paintings, this study reveals the layered complexity of Mahmud Khan’s visual language and underscores the broader interplay between Qajar art and European artistic traditions. Although this inquiry does not seek to provide a reading of modern Iranian art, it contends that Mahmud Khan’s oeuvre warrants serious critical attention—especially within non–Persian language scholarship—as a pivotal yet overlooked juncture in Iranian art history and a missed opportunity for articulating a meaningful continuum between Iran’s classical aesthetic heritage and its modern visual expression.

Mastitis is a major health problem in dairy industry as well as a major threat to profitability of dairy farms. Mastitis is also the main reason for the application of antibiotic treatment during lactation or at dry period. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of the most common mastitis pathogens in dairy cows and the antibiotic resistance under the conditions of Slovak dairy farms in 2017–2023. The samples came from 52 samplings in 2017 (47 farms), from 32 samplings in 2018 (29 farms), from 31 samplings in 2019 (29 farms), from 44 samplings in 2020 (41 farms), from 40 samplings in 2021 (35 farms), from 33 samplings in 2022 (31 farms) and form 38 samplings in 2023 (35 farms). A total of 2236 quarter udder milk samples were collected. The milk samples were taken from dairy cows based on high somatic cell count or California mastitis test or visible abnormalities in milk. Up to 88.62% of the identified isolates were the Coagulase-negative staphylococci (36.89%) followed by Escherichia coli (24.26%), Streptococcus uberis (16.21%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.41%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (2.86%). The most effective antibiotic was amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and antibiotic with the highest resistance was streptomycin. In conclusion, identification of mastitis pathogens in dairy cows and detection of antibiotic resistance is very important for the mastitis treatment and prevention of antibiotic resistance.

Fontan conduit stenosis can impair haemodynamics, necessitating stent implantation. We present a 16-year-old patient who developed platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome due to a post-stenting baffle leak. Despite initial diagnostic challenges, a second catheterisation confirmed and successfully sealed the defect with a covered stent. This case highlights the need for close monitoring and prompt intervention to manage complications in Fontan patients.

Zooarchaeologists routinely analyze assemblages that were initially sorted into major animal type (birds, mammals, fish, invertebrates) by students or lab technicians with varied backgrounds in zooarchaeology. Sorting errors are probably made in this initial phase, which can affect taxonomic representation and understanding of human–animal relationships. Recent study of the immense faunal assemblage (over 1 million NSP [Number of Specimens]) from Čḯxwicən (45CA523), a 2,700-year-old Lower Elwha Klallam village located on the coast of Washington (USA), allows us to systematically analyze trends in sorting errors. For example, 22.6% of the bird bones included in our sample were initially missorted into other taxonomic groups, primarily mammal, but also fish and invertebrate. Fish bones were less frequently missorted, but certain taxa with unusual elements were affected. More than one-fourth (27.3%) of all mammal bone chips (debitage from tool production) were missorted. Failure to recognize and mitigate these errors could lead to significant biases. Lab managers need to recognize the potential for sorting error at the beginning and train lab technicians in the kinds of faunal remains they will be encountering, including distinctive elements. Collaborative researchers need to develop protocols for transferring specimens, and scholars working with “legacy collections” should not assume the collections were sorted correctly.

This study explores interfacial waves in a three-layer fluid system, focusing on the coupling effects between the two interfaces. These effects include resonance induced by inertial coupling and damping caused by viscous coupling. A linear theoretical framework is developed to describe the coupled wave motion and evaluate the impact of interfacial coupling under viscous damping. Additionally, a semi-analytical model is introduced to accurately capture resonance frequency shifts and phase differences due to viscosity. The spiral structure of interfacial waves predicted by the models is confirmed experimentally using the background oriented Schlieren (BOS) method. Further, the model is validated by excellent agreement between theoretical predictions and ultrasonic measurements of wave amplitudes and phase differences. Finally, the study examines mechanical coupling and energy transfer between interfaces under external forcing, elucidating the formation of spiral waves. The accurate treatment of viscous boundary conditions by the semi-analytical model also enables its extension to multilayer fluid systems.

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, women from Northern Rio Grande pueblos joined Ndee communities in western Kansas, where they made a local version of unpainted Tewa red ware. We investigate potential slip materials in the eastern High Plains and adjacent Central Plains, using CIELAB color data to graph red hue variation in collected pigments and slipped archaeological ceramics from 14SC1 and 14SC304. Although use of the CIELAB color system by archaeologists is well established, our approach is unique in its use of a* and b* graphs to describe and compare hue. Our graphs illustrate hue variation between red and yellow on the color wheel, facilitating comparisons and communicating color patterns more effectively than is possible using the Munsell system. We demonstrate that potters could have reproduced the red hues of Northern Rio Grande red ware in the different geological landscape of the Great Plains. Our collected pigments systematically vary in hue by geological formation or system. Two sampled geological formations in the eastern High Plains and adjacent Central Plains include pigments that fire to the “right” red, or the red hues of Northern Rio Grande red slips, and potters may have used one or both.

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) seems to grow in popularity by the day, but central considerations like best practices, standardized metrics, and a demonstrable positive impact on people and the environment are almost nonexistent. Yet, in the United States’ regulatory framework, one thing about ESG does seem clear—its instrumental role in value sustainability for investors. Drawing on postcolonial, decolonial, and radical Black theoretical perspectives, this article argues that the ability of ESG to capitalize on socioecological considerations is no accident. This critical analysis characterizes ESG as a paradigmatic example of the extractive nature of racial capitalist political economies like the United States. The article contends that ESG, much like the overarching liberal capitalist economy, is antithetical to the collective liberation project that is central to the radical Black tradition. In service of the imaginative worldmaking praxis that motivates this critical approach, the article offers a preliminary radical Black political economic framework.