The Vietnam National Action Plan (NAP) for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mitigation is a guiding document in the fight against AMR, which outlines policies to slow down the AMR progression and reduce its impact. However, progress in NAP implementation has been uneven. This study implemented 10-stakeholder consultations to explore the NAP implementation through the Just Transition lens with particular focus on tensions, trade-offs, inequalities, and unintended consequences that may inhibit progress. There were 89 participants representing healthcare staff, community members, farmers, drug suppliers, meat handlers, and government agencies responsible for environmental management, sanitation, and hygiene. We used the Just Transition framework to explore perspectives and experiences of NAP implementation in Ha Noi and Nam Dinh province, Vietnam. We found limited contributions of stakeholders to NAP activities and low awareness about its impact. They lacked dedicated resources to implement NAP activities and an effective collaboration mechanism across sectors. Cross-sectoral collaboration has the potential to improve efficiency but may also introduce conflict among stakeholders. Just Transition framing highlights how greater involvement in decision-making and planning could increase visibility, buy-in, and motivation for action among different stakeholders, while making tensions explicit could help with balancing competing interests and ensuring fair distribution of limited resources.

State supreme courts, long White and male, are increasingly diverse in recent years. As a result, a growing literature explores how various minority groups reach the bench. Interim appointments, occurring when governors in electoral states appoint someone to fill a midterm vacancy, are largely absent from this literature. This is problematic because, in states utilizing judicial elections, nearly half of all jurists initially receive an interim appointment. This subsequently conveys an incumbency advantage and may bypass women’s and racial minorities’ lower propensity to seek and secure office. Indeed, interim appointments are crucial to court diversification. Since appointment predictors vary by identity, we explore the path members of several groups take to the bench. We do so by drawing on a dataset of every jurist joining electoral state supreme courts from 1980 to 2023. We argue non-traditional jurists’ interim appointments are conditional on the governor’s political affiliation, institutional constraints, and the broader political context. We find Democrats are generally more likely to appoint non-traditional jurists, although both institutional and political factors are important moderators. Additionally, appointment predictors vary by identity group. Our findings underscore the nuanced ways state supreme courts become more diverse and the conditions under which governors appoint non-traditional jurists to the bench.

The 19th and 20th centuries are key periods in the development of the modern fiscal state, but a lack of reliable historical revenue data remains an obstacle for students of the period. In this research note, we introduce the Government Revenue Dataset (Govrev), which provides information on central government revenues in 31 countries in Europe, the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan from 1800 to 2012. Compared to previous efforts, our dataset is an improvement both in coverage and in validity. We use the new dataset to reanalyze the relationship between elite competition and taxation, showing that, contrary to previous findings, direct taxation is not driven by elite competition. In fact, thanks to the fine-grained detail of our data, we find that elite competition is associated with a heavier reliance on indirect taxation.

Self-rated health (SRH) is a validated epidemiological measure that captures an individual’s overall health perception and predicts morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive research on SRH among older adults in India, evidence on its transition across the life course remains limited. Using data from 70,595 individuals aged 45 years and above from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) 2017–2018, this study examined transitions in SRH from childhood to older adulthood. An adverse SRH trajectory was defined as a shift from good childhood health to poor or fair health in later life. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Overall, 51% of older adults experienced an adverse SRH trajectory. Higher odds were observed among women (AOR: 1.30), individuals with substance consumption (AOR:1.24), chronic multimorbidity (AOR: 3.37), functional limitations (AOR: 2.03), and depression (AOR: 1.51). Early-life disadvantages – child labour, child marriage, and persistent household poverty – were also significant risk factors. In contrast, higher education and participation in social and physical activities were protective. These findings indicate that an adverse subjective health trajectory is shaped by cumulative life-course exposures rather than ageing alone. Strengthening early-life social investments and community-based wellness initiatives is vital to promote healthy and equitable ageing in India.

Fluid mixture models are essential for describing a wide range of physical phenomena, including wave dynamics and spinodal decomposition. However, there is a lack of consensus in the modelling of compressible mixtures, with limited connections between different classes of models. On the one hand, existing compressible two-phase flow models accurately describe wave dynamics, but do not incorporate phase separation mechanisms. On the other hand, phase-field technology in fluid dynamics consists of models incorporating spinodal decomposition; however, a general phase-field theory for compressible mixtures remains largely undeveloped. In this paper we take an initial step toward bridging the gap between compressible two-phase flow models and phase-field models by developing a theory for compressible, isothermal N-phase mixtures. Our theory establishes a system of reduced complexity by formulating N mass balance laws alongside a single momentum balance law, thereby naturally extending the Navier–Stokes Korteweg model to N phases and providing the Navier–Stokes Cahn–Hilliard/Allen–Cahn model for compressible mixtures. Key aspects of the framework include its grounding in continuum mixture theory and its preservation of thermodynamic consistency despite its reduced complexity.

In November 2025, Ethiopia confirmed its first outbreak of Marburg virus disease in South Omo Zone, marking a critical public health emergency in a previously unaffected country. The outbreak was detected following reports of suspected viral hemorrhagic fever in Jinka town, with laboratory confirmation achieved within days through national reference laboratory testing. By mid-December 2025, 14 laboratory-confirmed cases had been identified, including 9 deaths and 5 recoveries, following nearly 2 thousand investigations nationwide. This report describes the detection of the outbreak, early epidemiological characteristics, and key response actions implemented by national and regional authorities. It highlights operational challenges related to surveillance, diagnostic access, and response coordination in remote settings, as well as the importance of community engagement and multisectoral collaboration. Ethiopia’s first experience with Marburg virus disease provides timely lessons for strengthening preparedness, early detection, and response capacity for high-consequence pathogens in sub-Saharan Africa.

In the late 1930s Viscount Lymington—born Gerard Wallop, and from 1943 the 9th Earl of Portsmouth—emerged as a vocal champion of an “authentically English expression of fascism” rooted in the countryside and agriculture. An aristocrat and Conservative member of Parliament (MP; 1929–1934) turned dissident, Lymington railed against the perceived decline of Britain and the empire from an agrarian vantage point. His most famous work, Famine in England, published in 1938, warned that Britain’s overreliance on imported food and its neglect of the land had pushed the nation to the brink of catastrophe. On the surface, this text was a passionate call for agricultural revival in the face of looming war. Yet at its core, Famine in England was far more than a rural policy manifesto. It was a statement of fascist blood and soil philosophy in which race operated as the grammatical structure ordering ideas of food, land, and national renewal. In Lymington’s vision, the health of the soil and the health of the “British race” were inextricably entwined. Saving one meant the salvation of the other. Race, in other words, was the invisible architecture—the grammar—underlying his prescriptions for Britain’s agrarian crisis.

Rapid granular free-surface flows on inclined planes can develop secondary vortices aligned with the dominant flow direction. The reason for their formation remains a subject of research, but plausible mechanisms include instabilities driven by (i) dilatation/compressibility, (ii) normal stress differences and (iii) a self-induced Raleigh–Taylor instability caused by segregation of large–dense and small–light particles. In this paper, a set of novel experiments are performed with large and small particles (of the same bulk density), which form longitudinal stripes due to a combination of secondary recirculation and particle-size segregation. A conceptual model is formulated, in which large particles concentrate in the downwelling sections, small particles concentrate in the upwelling sections and a breaking-size-segregation wave separates the two pure phases from one another. In each secondary vortex, the breaking waves allow the large and small particles to continuously recirculate. Assuming that a series of counter-rotating vortices exist, it is shown that this internal cross-slope structure emerges naturally from solving the gravity-shear-driven segregation-advection equations. When viewed from above, this generates a series of alternating bands of large and small particles, that are sharply separated from one another and are aligned with the downslope direction. Each complete stripe (measured from centre to centre of each large band) is formed by two counter-rotating secondary vortices. Despite the apparent order of the steady-state stripes, it is shown that the individual large and small particle paths form complex interpenetrating co-rotating sub-vortices as they avalanche downslope.

This paper investigates the physical origins of pressure fluctuations on the stationary shroud wall of a mixed-flow pump. A novel ‘triple source model’ is developed and applied to experimental validated stress-blended eddy simulations. The model decomposes stationary-frame pressure fluctuations into three distinct rotating-frame components to disentangle complex tip leakage vortex (TLV) interactions: (i) kinematic ‘non-uniform fluctuation’ ($p_{\textit{NUF}}$) from the steady blade sweep, (ii) dynamic ‘flow synchronous fluctuation’ ($p_{\textit{FSF}}$) phase-locked to rotation, and (iii) ‘flow asynchronous fluctuation’ ($p_{\textit{FAF}}$) from all non-phase-locked phenomena. Analysis reveals that shroud unsteadiness is over 90 % dominated by the synchronous components along the TLV trajectory. Crucially, the model uncovers a counter-intuitive destructive interference mechanism between the kinematic sweep $p_{\textit{NUF}}$ and the dynamic response $p_{\textit{FSF}}$, with local cross-correlation coefficient –0.26, explaining how dynamic instabilities can dampen the steady pressure footprint. Source-term analysis of the pressure Poisson equation establishes a complete causal chain from specific velocity field interactions to pressure signatures: (i) the non-uniform fluctuation is kinematically driven by the mean momentum flux from blade loading, contributing 52.27 % to the local pressure asymmetry; (ii) the flow synchronous fluctuation is generated by periodic vortex–turbulence interaction, contributing 80.22 % of its total source; (iii) and the asynchronous broadband pressure is sourced from the canonical turbulent cascade, contributing 79.33 % of its total source. Spatial correlations confirm the TLV as the common physical nexus for all components. This work establishes a quantitative diagnostic framework that moves beyond qualitative vortex observation, providing a physical basis for the targeted mitigation of turbomachinery unsteadiness.

From its founding in 1938 onwards, the activities of the Confederation of Latin American Workers (CTAL) were rooted in anti-imperialist struggle. Initially, this was in response to the plundering of Latin America in the service of US economic interests, while later anti-imperialist efforts were directed against the hegemony that Europe and the US exerted over markets and territories in Africa and Asia. In the immediate post-war period, the CTAL engaged in a markedly anti-imperialist discourse. The confederation established solidarity alliances and trade union campaigns committed to supporting causes in distant, culturally diverse places, because they were considered part of the same history of dependence, neglect, and exclusion that had to be overcome to build autonomous nations. This article covers meetings between trade union leaders from different continents, as documented in letters, magazine and newspaper articles, conference proceedings, and the records of workers’ organizations. Working through the CTAL and the World Federation of Trade Unions, these individuals disseminated their beliefs and sought to achieve widespread mobilization for their union and political struggles, with the goal of eradicating imperialism from the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

A subgroup R of a finite group G is called weakly subnormal in G if R is not subnormal in G but it is subnormal in every proper overgroup of R in G. In this paper, weak subnormality is used to construct a subgroup lattice of a finite soluble group containing the lattice of all subnormal subgroups. A new characterisation of Schmidt groups is also obtained: they are exactly those groups with all subgroups subnormal or weakly subnormal.

The Fremont archaeological complex of the northern Colorado Plateau represents a mixed subsistence economy based on small-scale farming and foraging. However, the role of maize within the Fremont diet and its temporal span are poorly understood in northwestern Colorado, which is an eastern periphery of the broader Fremont tradition. Previous estimates in the region suggest that Fremont lifeways began early in the first millennium AD and persisted late into the 1600s. In this study, we examine 53 radiocarbon dates of maize macrofossils and short-lived wood/plant fragments from granary features from 33 sheltered and open-air sites in the study area. Based on our Bayesian modeling efforts, small-scale corn farming most likely began around cal AD 740–815 and ended between cal AD 1270 and 1320, with a modeled duration of 515 years. Several peaks are apparent within the summed probability distribution (cal AD 970–1050 and cal AD 1090–1130), suggesting that the most intensive era for maize farming is coeval with social and subsistence trends evident across the broader Uinta Basin. We provide evidence of a restricted maize chronology throughout the study area, but further work is needed to understand the proportional contribution of maize to the Fremont diet.

We present two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of a magnetised, collisionless, relativistic pair plasma subjected to combined velocity and magnetic field shear, a scenario typical at intermittent structures in plasma turbulence. We create conditions where only the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) and drift–kink instability (DKI) can develop, while tearing modes are forbidden. The interaction of DKI and KHI generates qualitatively new structures, marked by a thickened shear layer with very weak electromagnetic field, modulated by KH vortices. Over a range of moderately strong velocity shears explored, the interaction of DKI and KHI results in a significant enhancement of dissipation over cases with only velocity shear or only magnetic shear. Moreover, we observe a new and efficient way of particle acceleration where particles are stochastically accelerated by the motional electric field exterior to the shear layer as they meander in an S-shaped pattern in and out of it. This process takes advantage of the bent geometry of the shear layer caused by the DKI–KHI interaction and is responsible for most of the highest-energy particles produced in our simulations. These results further our understanding of dissipation and particle acceleration at intermittent structures, which are present in plasma turbulence across a wide range of astrophysical contexts such as in active galactic nucleus jet sheaths, potentially relevant to limb-brightened emission, etc., and highlight the sensitivity of dissipation to multiple interacting instabilities, thus providing a strong motivation for further studies of their nonlinear interaction at the kinetic level.

The dendrophylliid ‘sun corals’ are a group of highly dispersive scleractinians that became invasive in the Atlantic Ocean. A recent study, focusing on the corallite macro- and micromorphologies, remarkably expanded the number of Tubastraea species in the Southwestern Atlantic, including the description of four new corals to the world: Tubastraea grandidentata, T. megalostoma, T. columnata, and T. ramosa, which are validated in the present study. The increasing biodiversity of sun corals demands the application of alternative tools, such as molecular markers, to corroborate findings at the morphological level. Hence, a DNA analysis based on COI, IGR, and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA regions is used to infer the phylogeny of the new species described from Brazil. The rDNA is the most variable region and dramatically impacts the phylogenetic reconstruction, supporting the species identity of the ‘Brazilian’ Tubastraea and indicating two major clades: branched and unbranched corals. The most robust phylogeny is obtained by concatenating the three genetic regions using Bayesian inference. Genetic polymorphisms and fixed differences are observed within and between species. Data also support the identity of Atlantia caboverdiana from the Northeastern Atlantic. Finally, the unprecedented biodiversity of sun coral species in the Tropical Atlantic raises concerns about all previous identifications and the mechanisms involved in the dispersion of Tubastraea across the world. Moreover, multiple introductions, gene flow, and larval competency period remain misunderstood, challenging the management policies hitherto adopted to control these exotic dendrophylliids.