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Medieval authors commonly imagined humanity as the only animal that possessed the rational-discursive faculty: the ability to think rationally and speak in words. But what was the true nature of the relationship between reason, speech, and species identity in medieval thought – and what can the material traces of authors' efforts to find an answer reveal about how humans have constructed their identities in relation to other animals? In the first book-length, interdisciplinary study of animals and reason in the Middle Ages, Joseph R. Johnson investigates a range of medieval genres in French, Latin, and Occitan: literary works, biblical texts, philosophical and theological treatises, and more. Leveraging an experimental methodology to examine fine-grained details in the handwritten texts of medieval manuscripts, he argues that the concept of humanity as the only rational, speaking animal depended on the same process that destabilized it from within: the representation of species relationships in words.
Computational mineralogy is fast becoming the most effective and quantitatively accurate method for successfully determining structures, properties and processes at the extreme pressure and temperature conditions that exist within the Earth's deep interior. It is now possible to simulate complex mineral phases using a variety of theoretical computational techniques that probe the microscopic nature of matter at both the atomic and sub-atomic levels. This introductory guide is for geoscientists as well as researchers performing measurements and experiments in a lab, those seeking to identify minerals remotely or in the field, and those seeking specific numerical values of particular physical properties. Written in a user- and property-oriented way, and illustrated with calculation examples for different mineral properties, it explains how property values are produced, how to tell if they are meaningful or not, and how they can be used alongside experimental results to unlock the secrets of the Earth.
How and why do words cause people to take offence online? This book explores the complex nature of offence, examining how the structure of language – from individual words to broader linguistic patterns – can be employed to construct offensive meanings. It demonstrates that offence is not a universal concept but a subjective experience shaped by the perspective of the target. Through a multi-layered analysis of words, meanings and context, the book offers a deeper understanding of how offence is creatively constructed, conveyed, understood and experienced on social media. By investigating the continuum between explicitly and implicitly offensive language, it reveals how even subtle language choices can have significant consequences. This work serves as a valuable resource for anyone interested in language, communication and the social dynamics of offence. It will appeal to scholars and students in linguistics, communication studies, the social sciences as well as law and computer science.
This book presents a modern introduction to the field of algorithmic game theory. It places a heavy emphasis on optimization and online learning (a subdiscipline of machine learning), which are tools that increasingly play a central role in both the theory and practice of applying game-theoretic ideas. The book covers the core techniques used in several majorly successful applications, including techniques used for creating superhuman poker AIs, the theory behind the 'pacing' methodology that has become standard in the internet advertising industry, and the application of competitive equilibrium from equal incomes for fair course seat allocation in many business schools. With its focus on online learning tools, this book is an ideal companion to classic texts on algorithmic game theory for graduate students and researchers.
Race as a concept has had a fraught role in the history of Classics, woven into its formation as an academic discipline. While the texts and artefacts of the ancient Mediterranean world provide complex understandings of what race might mean and how it might operate, they have also provided fodder for modern racial ideologies. This Companion offers a wide-ranging and groundbreaking overview of 'race' and 'racism' in ancient Mediterranean cultures as well as in the formation of Classics as a discipline. Through twenty-four chapters written by a team of international scholars, it clarifies the terms and concepts that are central to contemporary theories of race and explores the extent to which they can be applied to the study of the ancient Mediterranean world, in and beyond Greece and Rome. It also showcases various concrete examples of how Classics has been shaped by the intertwined histories of race and colonialism.
Fully revised and updated, the new edition of Engineering Dynamics provides a comprehensive, self-contained and accessible treatment of classical dynamics. All chapters have been reworked to enhance student understanding, and new features include a stronger emphasis on computational methods, including rich examples using both Matlab and Python; new capstone computational examples extend student understanding, including modelling the flight of a rocket and the unsteady rolling of a disk. The coverage of Lagrange's equations is improved, spanning simple systems and systems relevant to engineers. It provides students with clear, systematic methods for solving problems in dynamics, demonstrates how to solve equations of motion numerically, and explains all mathematical operators. Including over 150 real-world examples to motivate student learning, over 400 homework problems, and accompanied online by Matlab and Python repositories and supplemental material, the new edition of this classic is ideal for senior undergraduate and graduate students in engineering.
Online education, smartphones, and generative AI have dramatically changed what and how we read. Amid this backdrop of changing media and habits, this book addresses the question: What do we know about the cognitive benefits of reading? And how might this change in a digital age? Presenting a synthesis of research spanning psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, and education, it offers a clear and accessible account of how reading transforms the human mind and brain. It demonstrates the profound cognitive enhancements on memory, attention, language processing, reasoning, and intellectual growth resulting from reading, beyond knowledge acquisition. This is an essential guide for students, educators, and researchers alike interested in the science of reading.
Hipparchus was the most important astronomer of the ancient Greek world. This volume provides a comprehensive introduction to almost everything that can be known or reasonably surmised about his life and work. Hipparchus was the first to apply an effective geometric model to the cosmos, which enabled him to predict the positions of the Sun, Moon and stars more reliably than before. He was also the first to catalogue most of the stars that were visible in the northern hemisphere, giving a detailed account of their risings, settings and culminations. His most important discovery was the long-term movement of the sky, known as precession. Crucially, this study provides a translation and analysis of Hipparchus' only surviving work, the Commentary on the Phenomena of Aratus and Eudoxus, and reconstructs his catalogue of the stars, which has not survived, using a modern precession model.
The first textbook to bring together the linguistics of both BSL and ASL, this accessible book provides a uniquely international and comparative introduction to the structure and use of signed languages. Presupposing no prior knowledge, it covers all levels of linguistic structure: phonetics/phonology, morphology, the lexicon, syntax, semantics and discourse. Photographic illustrations of BSL and ASL signs feature throughout every chapter, and are linked to over 150 online videos, making this a clear and immersive resource for anyone interested in sign language linguistics. End of chapter exercises, questions for discussion and annotated further reading suggestions allow students to fully engage with the material they have read, and to extend their learning independently.
Many think that reality is structured such that some beings are more fundamental than others and characterize this structure in terms of “grounding.” Grounding is typically regarded as explanatory and as exhibiting certain order-theoretic properties: asymmetry, irreflexivity, and transitivity. Aristotle's notion of ontological priority, which inspired discussions of grounding, also has these features. This Element clarifies Aristotle's discussions of ontological priority, explores how it relates to other kinds of priority, and identifies important connections to metaphysical grounding. Aristotle provides numerous examples that appear to impugn ontological priority's order-theoretic coherence. This is Aristotle's “Priority Problem.” But Aristotle has an independently motivated solution that eliminates the threat from each of the apparently problematic examples and explains why such examples are ubiquitous. The Element argues that a ground-theoretic analog of Aristotle's solution to the Priority Problem addresses recent challenges to grounding. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Messianic Jews of Ethiopia's Gambella region are Evangelical Christian Zionists who adhere to various Jewish practices and understand their faith as authentically emulating the faith of the first followers of Jesus Christ. Drawing on over a year of ethnographic research in this region, Yotam Gidron traces here the rise and evolution of Christian Zionist and Messianic Jewish faiths amongst Nuer communities in the Ethiopia-South Sudan borderlands. This study approaches processes of religious change from the perspective of believers, examining their pursuits of knowledge and transnational connectivity. In doing so, Gidron considers everyday dilemmas concerning spiritual mediation and truth, as they emerged in relation to church genealogies, Christian literacy, modes of prayer and praise, bloodlines, cattle, and the constitution of various human and divine relationships. As a result, he offers timely insights on spiritual and political life at the global margins, and on contemporary African attitudes towards Israel and the Middle East.
The reign of Constantine, Roman emperor from 306 to 337, was one of the most important periods in world history. Although literary texts often represented him as the first Christian emperor, the inscriptions engraved on monuments, statue bases, and milestones offer alternative perspectives. Inscriptions highlight the influence of the other emperors, the prominence of senators at Rome, the civic traditions for praising benefactors in provincial cities, the logistics of the economy, and the abiding importance of traditional cults. This book includes the Greek and Latin texts of over 800 inscriptions from the early fourth century, with translations and critical annotations. An extended Introduction and almost 200 short essays provide context by explaining the issues and problems, correlating the literary texts, and comparing the legends and images of coins. Without the emperor as the constant focus, the Age of Constantine becomes all the more fascinating.
Addressing the active and challenging field of spectral theory, this book develops the general theory of spectra of discrete structures, on graphs, simplicial complexes, and hypergraphs. In fact, hypergraphs have long been neglected in mathematical research, but because of the discovery of Laplace operators that can probe their structure, and their manifold applications from chemical reaction networks to social interactions, they have now become one of the most active areas of interdisciplinary research. The authors' analysis of spectra of discrete structures embeds intuitive and easily visualized examples, which are often quite subtle, within a general mathematical framework. They highlight novel research on Cheeger-type inequalities that connect spectral estimates with the geometry, more precisely the cohesion, of the underlying structure. Establishing mathematical foundations and demonstrating applications, this book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in mathematics working on the spectral theory of operators on discrete structures.
Once considered a period of poverty and isolation, devoid of impressive material culture, the Iron Age is now regarded as a pivotal era. It witnessed how the ancient Greeks lost and regained literacy, created lifelike figural representations and monumental architecture, and eventually established new and complex civic polities. The Companion to the Greek Iron Age offers an up to date account of this critical epoch of Greek antiquity. Including archaeological surveys of different regions, it presents focused discussions of the Early Iron Age cultures and states with which Greek regions had contacts and which are integral for understanding cultural developments in this formative period. They include Cyprus, Syro-Anatolia, Italy, and Egypt, regions in which, as in Greece, the Early Iron Age is diverse and unevenly documented. Offering a synthesis of the key developments, The Companion to the Greek Iron Age also demonstrates how new archaeological and theoretical approaches have enlarged and clarified our understanding of this seminal period.
This unique book offers a methodical exploration of biological, social, and ethical topics on the treatment (or lack thereof) of psychotic brain disease. Part I provides an empirical engagement with neuroscience and covers the neurobiology and pharmacology of schizophrenia, providing the reader with a current understanding of the disease. Topic areas include anosognosia, community treatments, and early intervention. Part II looks at international policy approaches to schizophrenia featuring topics such as the policy, funding, and historical elements contributing to frequently misguided approaches to severe brain disease, and it explains why some societies won't/can't support human beings with psychotic disease. Part III focuses on neuroethics and asks: 'What is right?' through chapters discussing the concepts of consciousness and free will, as well as the principles of nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice. Collectively the comprehensive approach of this book allows the reader to gain a full understanding of the ethical and clinical complexities in treating schizophrenia.
During the Minerva Press's heyday, founder William Lane published in an extraordinary range of genres. Following the original organizational taxonomy that Lane used in his own promotional materials, Eve Tavor Bannet here explores each: Historical fiction, Terror and Mystery Fiction ('Gothic'), Fairy Tales, Tales of the Times, National Tales, Wanderers Tales, Novels of Education, Female Biography and Marital Domestic Fiction. In providing the first modern analysis of the majority of texts that Lane published, she reveals how the Minerva Press bridged the gap between eighteenth- and nineteenth-century fiction and sheds light on how contemporary methods of imitative writing produced its characteristically fluid, hybrid and modular fictions. These characteristics, she demonstrates, enabled its women authors to converse with one another, intervening in key contemporary political, cultural and domestic debates and earned many well-deserved popularity and praise from those judging by the pre-Romantic methods of evaluation in use.
Allen Ginsberg's life and career can only be described as exceptional. Fond of pushing limits and challenging boundaries, Ginsberg produced a staggering body of work that garnered attention not just for its innovative style and personal candor, but for its range of theme and willingness to meaningfully engage the world in a bid to change it. Ginsberg is essential to an understanding of 20th century poetry. But Ginsberg was not just a poet. He was an icon, instantly recognizable to his legions of fans in underground circles, and it is impossible to overstate the importance of Ginsberg as a countercultural figure. Taking a broadly chronological approach, this volume provides a comprehensive overview of the major issues, themes, and moments essential to understanding Ginsberg, his work, and his outsized influence on the cultural politics of the postwar both in the US and globally.
Considering a number of factors such as cross-linguistic influences, saliency and detectability of language cues, language complexity, and the interfaces involved, this book provides a systematic and coherent study of non-native grammars of Chinese. It covers a broad range of language aspects of Chinese as a non-native language, such as syntax, semantics, discourse, and pragmatics, as well as language phenomena specific to Chinese, such as classifiers, sentence final particles, the topic structure, and the ba-construction. It explores the effect on the linguistic structure of Chinese, when it is spoken as a second language by first-language speakers of English, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Spanish, Swedish, Russian and Palestinian Arabic, enabling the reader to understand the learners' mental representations of the underlying systems of the target language. New points of departure are also recommended for further research, making it essential reading for both Chinese language teaching practitioners, and academic researchers of non-native language acquisition.
The Bethe Ansatz is a powerful method in the theory of quantum integrable models, essential for determining the energy spectrum of dynamical systems - from spin chains in magnetism to models in high-energy physics. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the Bethe ansatz, from its historical roots to modern developments. First introduced by Hans Bethe in 1931, the method has evolved into a universal framework encompassing algebraic, analytic, thermodynamic, and functional forms. The book explores various Bethe ansatz techniques and their interrelations, covering both coordinate and algebraic versions, with particular attention to nested structures and functional relations involving transfer matrices. Advanced tools such as the separation of variables method are presented in detail. With a wealth of worked examples and precise calculations, this volume serves as an accessible and rigorous reference for graduate students and researchers in mathematical physics and integrable systems.
This Handbook is the first global comparative volume that examines the use of AI and digital technologies in courts. With contributions from over seventy academics, judges, and other professionals from over twenty-five countries, it provides an interdisciplinary and cross-jurisdictional perspective on how judicial institutions are responding to the opportunities and risks posed by AI. Covering judicial use of AI across domestic and regional jurisdictions in Europe, North and South America, Asia-Pacific and Africa, this Handbook begins with the premise that introducing AI into courts is not merely a technical upgrade but a constitutional reckoning and fresh call for judicial accountability. Each chapter examines not just what AI can do for courts, but what courts must do to ensure that AI tools enhance, rather than erode judicial values, justice and the rule of law.