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The conclusion revisits the Institutes’ purpose and pedagogical stakes, suggesting that historical shifts in how people understood seeing have obscured the text’s concern with the imagination’s pivotal role in shaping pre-conscious perception. The discussion clarifies the mechanism by which both the Institutes’ doctrine and style conduce to piety – namely, by reshaping the imagination and thus re-conditioning pre-conscious perception. It proposes that Calvin’s landmark commentary on the vulnerability of perception takes on new relevance in an age similarly haunted by the difficulty of distinguishing perceived from projected and real from imagined.
Few buildings have been as important to Western culture as the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus. One of the Seven Wonders of antiquity, it was destroyed during the Middle Ages, leading countless architects, antiquarians, painters and printmakers in Early Modern Europe to speculate upon its appearance. This book – the first on its subject – examines their works, from erudite publications to simple pen sketches, from elegant watercolours to complete buildings inspired by the monument. Spanning the period between the Italian Renaissance and the discovery and archaeological excavation of the Mausoleum's foundations in the 1850s, it covers the most important cultural contexts of Western Europe, without neglecting artworks from Peru, China and Japan. The monument's connexion with themes of widowhood and female political power are analysed, as are the manifold interactions between architecture, text and image in the afterlife of the Mausoleum. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This book reveals how Congress quietly shaped American elections across more than a century of constitutional development. Far from a passive observer, Congress used its authority to influence key controversies – from the expansion of slavery in new territories to the reconstruction of the post-Civil War electorate. Congress exercised power under the Elections Clause, the Guarantee Clause, and later, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, to combat voter suppression, reimagine representation, and determine who could (and could not) participate in American democracy. Even as Jim Crow laws disenfranchised millions, Congress continued to review and sometimes overturn the elections of its own members, refusing to cede complete control to the states. In doing so, Congress routinely subordinated federalism to politics. In Congress We Trust? provides a new perspective on who truly governs our system of elections by showing that federal authority has been broad, lasting, and decisive.
Originating from lectures delivered at the African Institute of Mathematical Sciences, this book presents a unifying perspective on traditional and modern methods in generative AI and stochastic thermodynamics. By relating the core topics in machine learning to the notion of (variational) free-energy, a bridge is built between methods such as latent variable models, variational auto-encoders, optimal control, optimal transport, normalizing flows and diffusion models and concepts such as entropy production and fluctuation theorems in stochastic thermodynamics. Structured into three main parts, the book commences by setting up the required mathematical and statistical physics preliminaries needed to make it broadly accessible. The largest part of the book then focuses on building intuition of major advances in generative AI by considering discrete time processes and their relationship to topics in stochastic thermodynamics. Finally, the authors take a short excursion to the continuous time domain for the more advanced learner.
The number of international human rights institutions and countries participating in them has risen dramatically in recent decades, precipitating debates about why countries make such commitments and whether these commitments improve member's human rights behavior. These debates have centered on a small number of human rights treaties, with far less attention paid to the larger number of international organizations (IOs) that aim to promote human rights. The Element argues and then demonstrates that state decisions about joining these IOs depends on the institutional design of the organizations, specifically sovereignty costs for member states. These costs stem from the constraints that IOs impose and vary substantially. Emerging democracies are most likely to enter high sovereignty cost IOs. Furthermore, organizations that generate higher sovereignty costs tend to produce better human rights outcomes than those generating fewer sovereignty costs for all regimes. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This comprehensive yet accessible guide to enterprise risk management for financial institutions contains all the tools needed to build and maintain an ERM framework. It discusses the internal and external contexts within which risk management must be carried out, and it covers a range of qualitative and quantitative techniques that can be used to identify, model and measure risks. This third edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect new regulations and legislation. It includes additional detail on machine learning, a new section on vine copulas, and significantly expanded information on sustainability. A range of new case studies include Theranos and FTX. Suitable as a course book or for self-study, this book forms part of the core reading for the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries' examination in enterprise risk management.
Bridging the gap between introductory texts and the specialized research literature, this is one of the first truly rigorous yet accessible treatments of modern reinforcement learning. Written by three leading researchers with over a decade of teaching experience, the book uniquely combines mathematical precision with practical insights. It progresses naturally from planning (dynamic programming, MDPs, value and policy iteration) to learning (model-based and model-free algorithms, function approximation, policy gradients, and regret minimization). Each concept is developed from first principles with complete proofs, making the material self-contained. The modular chapter organization enables flexible course design. The book's website offers battle-tested exercises refined through years of classroom use. Combining mathematical rigor with practical applications, this definitive text is ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as practitioners seeking a deep understanding of sequential decision-making and intelligent agent design.
This book offers a new kind of analysis of Psellos' Chronographia as a rhetorical performance, as poesis, as a work in progress. It traces his developing techniques from the basic building blocks of the first two reigns to the intricate tragicomic structure of Constantine IX's; from the simple, finely judged scene in Basil II's tent to the spectacular mutual performance in the rebel Isaak's. The book focuses on role; on the interplay of genres, especially panegyric and the subgenres of drama; on metaphor; on psychology; on the visual and tactile. It contrasts Psellos' style with his more decorated orations and observes how his wide reading is metabolized into the particular and contemporary. At best, Psellos subjects his philosopher 'self' to scrutiny through the conflict and interplay of his feelings and roles in both commentary and agency; from this comes his tragicomic, empathetic, deeply ironic version of Byzantium.
With reference to Kierkegaard's religious writings and other pseudonymous works, Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety is explored with a primary focus on the book The Concept of Anxiety. Anxiety itself is shown to be the eminent term for a moment in the human being's psychological development that Kierkegaard also discusses in other terms. In particular, it is the mode in which human being's apprehension of their possible freedom first appears in consciousness and, as such, is not to be confused with pathological anxiety, melancholy, or other negative states. At the same time, Kierkegaard regards human beings as typically failing to realize the possibility of freedom and when this happens anxiety becomes the trigger for despair or sin. The Element concludes by considering the influence of Kierkegaard on discussions of anxiety in Heidegger, Sartre, and Tillich and the relevance of his analysis to the contemporary crisis of social anxiety.
Aimed at practising biologists, especially graduate students and researchers in ecology, this revised and expanded 3rd edition continues to explore cause-effect relationships through a series of robust statistical methods. Every chapter has been updated, and two brand-new chapters cover statistical power, Akaike information criterion statistics and equivalent models, and piecewise structural equation modelling with implicit latent variables. A new R package (pwSEM) is included to assist with the latter. The book offers advanced coverage of essential topics, including d-separation tests and path analysis, and equips biologists with the tools needed to carry out analyses in the open-source R statistical environment. Writing in a conversational style that minimises technical jargon, Shipley offers an accessible text that assumes only a very basic knowledge of introductory statistics, incorporating real-world examples that allow readers to make connections between biological phenomena and the underlying statistical concepts.
Why are Latin Americans increasingly disillusioned with democracy, even as the region has made social progress? This book examines the paradox of widespread political discontent amid improvements in poverty reduction, education, and expanded rights. It shows how rising expectations and broken promises have generated social frustration and political reactions, which take two different forms: they can target all political elites (vertical discontent) or focus on opposing political coalitions (horizontal discontent). Each form poses unique challenges for democracy. Bringing together leading scholars in sociology and political science from Latin America and the United States, the volume offers a multidisciplinary and comparative perspective on the drivers of democratic erosion. Drawing on empirical case studies and a shared analytical framework, the book sheds light on the tensions between democratic aspirations and lived experiences, making it a valuable resource for understanding the forces reshaping Latin America's political landscape and the broader erosion of democracy.
Aurangzeb 'Alamgir (r. 1658–1707) was the last of the so-called 'great' Mughal emperors. He remains a controversial historical figure: castigated for religious intolerance and placed at the centre of a narrative of Mughal decline by some; considered a great Muslim hero by others. In this richly researched exploration of Aurangzeb 'Alamgir's life and times, Munis D. Faruqui contests such simplistic understandings to unearth a more nuanced picture of the emperor and his reign. Drawing on a large and varied archive, Faruqui provides new insights into the emperor's rise to power, his administrative and religious policies, and the role of the imperial eunuchate and harem. By unpicking the complex dynamics of a long reign, from Aurangzeb 'Alamgir's accession to the last weeks of his life and his eighteenth-century memorialisation, this remarkable new history cuts through the many myths that have obscured the extraordinary life story of Emperor Aurangzeb 'Alamgir.
Does the 'Muslim World' signify a geopolitical bloc, a civilizational unit, or a theological ideal? This Element interrogates the concept of the Muslim World as a persistent yet under-theorized category in International Relations (IR). Although widely invoked in policy discourse, academic literature, and public debate, the term often functions as a geopolitical shorthand that essentializes Muslim-majority societies and obscures their internal diversity. Rather than accepting or rejecting the term outright, this Element offers a critical reconstruction. Drawing on constructivist IR theory, postcolonial studies, and Islamic intellectual traditions, we reconceptualize the Muslim World as a transnational public sphere shaped by shared debates, symbols, institutions, and histories that generate varying degrees of referential coherence across societies. By treating the Muslim World as historically contingent, internally plural, and relational rather than fixed or monolithic, this Element advances the agenda of Global IR and the project of 'worlding beyond the West.'
This book presents a modern introduction to the field of algorithmic game theory. It places a heavy emphasis on optimization and online learning (a subdiscipline of machine learning), which are tools that increasingly play a central role in both the theory and practice of applying game-theoretic ideas. The book covers the core techniques used in several majorly successful applications, including techniques used for creating superhuman poker AIs, the theory behind the 'pacing' methodology that has become standard in the internet advertising industry, and the application of competitive equilibrium from equal incomes for fair course seat allocation in many business schools. With its focus on online learning tools, this book is an ideal companion to classic texts on algorithmic game theory for graduate students and researchers.
A clear, practical introduction to the theory and practice of translanguaging, this book explores this innovative approach and shows how English language teachers can benefit from implementing multilingual pedagogy in the classroom. Whether you teach English as a foreign language (EFL), a second language (ESL), work in English medium instruction (EMI) or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), this engaging and accessible book will help you understand the key implications of translanguaging theory, and carry these over into practice in your classroom, whether this is in government-sponsored or private education, from primary to secondary, tertiary and adult contexts. As well as discussing important contextual differences, challenges and constraints that teachers frequently face across both the Global North and Global South, it includes many examples from real English language classrooms, exploring both teacher and learner translanguaging, and offering numerous suggestions, ideas and activities to evaluate critically for your own classroom practice.
To Galen, Plato was the great authority in philosophy but also had important things to say on health, disease, and the human body. The Timaeus was of enormous significance to Galen's thought on the body's structure and functioning as well as being a key source of inspiration for his teleological world view, in which the idea of cosmic design by a personified creative Nature, the Craftsman, plays a fundamental role. This volume provides critical English translations of key readings of the Timaeus by Galen that were previously accessible only in fragmentary Greek and Arabic and Arabo-Latin versions. The introductions highlight Galen's creative interpretations of the dialogue, especially compared to other imperial explanations, and show how his works informed medieval Islamicate writers' understanding of it. The book should provoke fresh attention to texts that have been unjustly marginalized in the history of Platonism in both the west and Middle East.