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This chapter seeks to illuminate the embryonic local and the regional contexts in the creation of Dakar in the second half of the nineteenth century. This is against the metropolitan, colonial and indigenous backgrounds in matters of planning and architectural cultures. It goes beyond the discourse on colonial spatiality as an instrument for virtually complete domination, surveillance and control, and elaborates on the inherent ironies in the colonial planning projects. This is in terms of the grandiose urban visions as against the contemporary urban 'deathly sleep'; the torpedoing of colonial urban endeavours by infectious diseases; and the awkwardly-realised urban installations in neighbouring communes such as Saint-Louis and Bamako. Vernacular traditions of settlement organisation and built form are also provided side by side with colonial ones and occasionally compared.
Insights into the French architectural agenda as implemented in Dakar in the interwar period are the subject of this chapter. It seems that drawing on Hobsbawm's term 'the invention of tradition' is particularly useful for the analysis of the French colonial architectures in question, yet not without being aware of the historiography of this term and its problematic. Having been widely employed in historical and anthropological research regarding Africa, examples using 'invented tradition' from research in the arts and architecture of Africa are not abundant. These include almost exclusively references to French North Africa, particularly to the neo-Moorish buildings in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia (style arabisance). The contribution of this chapter therefore lies in continuing this line of thought by expanding on the reciprocal relations between colonial forms and ideologies, and in the transnational application of these relations, that is into the territories of sub-Saharan Africa as well.
This introductory chapter provides a background of relevant historiographies related to the topic of the book and its regional context, in terms of urban history, geography and colonial socio-politics. Laying out the main ideas that underline the book and its basic rationale, this chapter also expands on the period in question and the book’s structure.
In this landmark contribution to the study of modern China, Steve Smith examines the paradox of 'supernatural politics'. He shows that we cannot understand the meaning of the Communist revolution to the Han Chinese without exploring their belief in gods, ghosts and ancestors. China was a religious society when the Communist Party took power in 1949, and it sought to erode the influence of the minority religions of Buddhism, Daoism, Catholicism and Protestantism. However, it was the folk religion of the great majority that seemed to symbolize China's backwardness. Smith explores the Party's efforts to eliminate belief in supernatural entities and cosmic forces through propaganda campaigns and popularizing science. Yet he also shows how the Party engaged in 'supernatural politics' to expand its support, utilizing imagery, metaphors and values that resonated with folk religion and Confucianism. Folk religion is thus essential to understanding the transformative experience of revolution.
There is overwhelming evidence that the impacts of climate change are gender-differentiated and that women are the most negatively affected. Drawing on interviews with nearly 100 female activists and politicians from Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia and Palestine, Lise Storm explores the implications of unequal female political representation for the climate crisis. Storm considers the voices of the women who are, or have been, involved in politics at the highest level. These women have experience with running for election, gender quotas, party politics, portfolio allocation, policymaking, agenda setting and other such political dynamics and processes relating to power. This book sheds light on women's agency in climate debates and the impacts of the dynamics surrounding political representation. It adds new perspectives to the backgrounds of female MPs and activists and the drivers of their success – factors which influence how the global climate crisis is tackled locally in the region.
Demobilising the Far Right focuses on dynamics of mobilisation, counter-mobilisation, and state coercion to offer a new comparative study of far-right demonstration campaigns across Austria, England, and Germany from 1990–2020. With rigorous qualitative comparative analysis and process-tracing case studies, the book explores what factors drive the demobilisation of far-right movements and the critical role of state and societal responses. By examining key far-right groups like the British National Party and the German People's Union, it sheds light on a crucial yet underexplored area of social movement theory. Combining innovative methodology with rich empirical analysis, Demobilising the Far Right provides vital insights for understanding political violence, extremism, and protest movements as well as how states and social actors respond, and the implications for democratic societies.
This article examines the endurance of timbering and rafting along the upper Yellow River in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a case study of Fernand Braudel’s ‘social time’ of that critical section of the waterway, marked by intensified commerce and shifting political dynamics. The Muslim consolidation of midstream Ningxia, anchored in upstream Linxia, exemplified how Hui economic dominance intertwined with territorial control. These networks, later repurposed to support China’s resistance against Japanese imperialism, were abruptly disrupted by mid–twentieth-century dam construction and socialist collectivisation. Beyond economic history, the article interrogates historiographical silences surrounding Hui economic territorialisation. While external observers, including Republican officials and Japanese strategists, acknowledged Hui commercial monopolies, state historiography under the People’s Republic of China has often downplayed them to maintain narratives of ethnic harmony. Analysing cinematic representations across different eras of the twentieth century, the article further argues that film serves as a counterpoint to official narratives, offering an alternative medium where Hui agency and economic territoriality are articulated and contested. By bridging economic history, historiography, and visual culture, this study highlights the political stakes of ethnic commerce and the ways in which Hui identity has been shaped and reshaped across different political regimes.
Debating the 'publicness' of the public university provokes the following questions: what lies in common between the university and the communities it excludes? What is the place of non-secular knowledges within the secular-modern instance of the university? How does the university solidarise with publics that never find place within it? Does academic freedom imply freedom against public opinion? This book looks at the current fortunes of the public university in India to call for a deep historical examination. It argues that perhaps the university's pursuit of 'thought' has not been as successful as we have imagined. The history of the public university might give us a cue for understanding the rise of authoritarian tendencies across the world.