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31757 results in Solid Earth Geophysics

Page 93 of 1588

  • 5 - Satellite Remote Sensing of Hydrological Change

  • from Part II - Future Earth and Geodetic Issues
  • Edited by Tom Beer, Jianping Li, Beijing Normal University, Keith Alverson
  • Book:
    Global Change and Future Earth
    Published online:
    22 October 2018
    Print publication:
    18 October 2018, pp 57-71

  • Summary

    The value of satellite remotely sensed data is especially relevant in the context of global hydrological modelling, which provides important information on the status and spatio-temporal changes of water resources worldwide. Satellites can be used to monitor the water cycle under human impact, to calculate the fluxes of water through rainfall, surface and groundwater runoff, evaporation, transpiration and condensation. Using the water balance equation as a basis, we discuss in detail the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission and a small sample of other contributing missions, such as the Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT), Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), Tropical Rainfall Measuring (TRMM), Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We conclude the chapter with perspectives and requirements for the future, and we stress the need for continuous, long-term monitoring of the global water cycle from space.

  • 28 - Future Earth, Climate Change, and Global Change: Future Earth’s Ocean

  • from Part VIII - Climate Change and Global Change
  • Edited by Tom Beer, Jianping Li, Beijing Normal University, Keith Alverson
  • Book:
    Global Change and Future Earth
    Published online:
    22 October 2018
    Print publication:
    18 October 2018, pp 379-387

  • Summary

    To obtain ocean information in an international, more efficient, more integrated, and fit-for-purpose way requires co-design, co-production and co-dissemination of knowledge. The UN’s 2030 Agenda for sustainable development has for the first time explicitly articulated a focussed ocean goal. Science needs to define smart targets for “ocean health” as a goal for ocean sustainability. Future Earth together with its science partner organisations is well positioned to facilitate the formation of trans-disciplinary teams that can address these challenges through an integrative Knowledge–Action Network (KAN). Future Earth Knowledge–Action Networks are collaborative frameworks stimulating highly integrative sustainability research. Their aim is to generate the multifaceted knowledge needed to inform solutions for complex societal issues. Future Earth and its ocean partners are in the process of establishing an Ocean Knowledge–Action Network (Ocean KAN) responding to demands that have been elaborated and articulated by the science community.

  • 13 - Asian Groundwater Perspectives on Global Change and Future Earth

  • from Part IV - Future Earth and Regions
  • Edited by Tom Beer, Jianping Li, Beijing Normal University, Keith Alverson
  • Book:
    Global Change and Future Earth
    Published online:
    22 October 2018
    Print publication:
    18 October 2018, pp 179-186

  • Summary

    Sustainable Asian groundwater perspectives are discussed in this chapter by examining groundwater hydrology in conjunction with oceanographic, geothermal and geodesic aspects. Subsurface environmental changes in Asia due to urbanization and global change include groundwater storage changes as detected by the geodesy satellite GRACE and others. Subsurface warming due to global warming and urbanization is another issue in Asia that is related to geothermal energy sources. Land–ocean interaction and groundwater contaminant loads from land to the ocean in Asia are related to oceanography. The groundwater footprint and integrated water management for sustainability are discussed as a means of transformation to sustainable water use in Asia for the future of the Earth.

  • 17 - Air Pollution and Human Health Risk Reduction: The Case Study of Delhi Megacity, India

  • from Part V - Future Earth and Urban Environments
  • Edited by Tom Beer, Jianping Li, Beijing Normal University, Keith Alverson
  • Book:
    Global Change and Future Earth
    Published online:
    22 October 2018
    Print publication:
    18 October 2018, pp 223-236

  • Summary

    Urbanization has caused irreversible changes. Apart from fostering development, urban areas have modified their surroundings. Annual and seasonal pollution averages from 2006 to 2010 reveal that there are apparent increases in pollution levels, especially for NO2, SPM and RSPM. However, these pollution levels are not constant; rather, they fluctuate with the seasonal changes. These changes impact human health. The link between health and environment is complex. The impact of air pollution on human health has been analyzed by correlating air pollution levels and number of deaths caused by it. Results reveal that asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia are responsible for most deaths due to air pollution in Delhi. Spatial and temporal analysis of mortality from these diseases presented for Delhi (2001–2012) reveals that there has been an increase in the number of deaths of children due to respiratory illness. The other major age group facing the impact of rising pollution levels is the age group greater than 60 years old.

  • 21 - The Impact of Global Climate Change on Nutrition Security: A Multidimensional Challenge

  • from Part VI - Future Earth and Food Security
  • Edited by Tom Beer, Jianping Li, Beijing Normal University, Keith Alverson
  • Book:
    Global Change and Future Earth
    Published online:
    22 October 2018
    Print publication:
    18 October 2018, pp 275-295

  • Summary

    Climate change threatens agricultural food production as the latter depends on weather conditions, water supply and sunlight intensity. The steady increase of average temperatures during the growing season and drought occurrence, on the one hand, and of extreme weather events such as floods, hail and late frosts, on the other, is projected to result in losses of agricultural output. Technological progress, the introduction of more resistant crop varieties together with the “fertilizing” effect of higher atmospheric CO2 levels may compensate for some of the losses. Exposure to heat and drought also influences the composition of many important food and feed crops such as cereals and oil seeds, changing their content of essential nutrients and often lowering their nutritional value. Moreover, climate change threatens not only the production of food but also its storage and transport. Altered climate will shift the distribution of pests, fungi and microorganisms and may lead to higher food prices.

  • 4 - Climate Issues from the Planetary Perspective and Insights for the Earth

  • from Part I - Future Earth and Planetary Issues
  • Edited by Tom Beer, Jianping Li, Beijing Normal University, Keith Alverson
  • Book:
    Global Change and Future Earth
    Published online:
    22 October 2018
    Print publication:
    18 October 2018, pp 40-54

  • Summary

    Terrestrial planet climate studies provide a platform for the discussion of the climate changes currently affecting the Earth. The apparent stability of the Earth’s climate over the last few thousand years is deceptive, since it was preceded by huge changes taking place in the past, sometimes (during the most recent terrestrial ice ages, for example) on very short time scales of centuries or even decades. We now know that dramatic changes in climate, and potential habitability, have also taken place on Mars, and probably on Venus and Titan as well, although the time scales there remain uncertain. Amelioration of the current problem on Earth requires a very complete understanding of the processes involved. Applying models of such processes to Venus and Mars not only allows us to develop detailed scenarios and possible histories for those extreme variants of the terrestrial situation, it shows up deficiencies in our understanding that could make important differences to climate forecast for the near-future of life on Earth.

  • 3 - Global Change, Space Weather, and Climate

  • from Part I - Future Earth and Planetary Issues
  • Edited by Tom Beer, Jianping Li, Beijing Normal University, Keith Alverson
  • Book:
    Global Change and Future Earth
    Published online:
    22 October 2018
    Print publication:
    18 October 2018, pp 28-39

  • Summary

    Space weather encompasses the various processes that connect the physics of the Sun with that of the Earth`s environment, which consists of a very complex system involving the interaction between variations on the solar surface and the electrodynamic environment of the Earth, controlled by its magnetic field. On the basis of the last fifty years of extensive spacecraft observations both in the near-Earth space environment and in the solar system we now have a sufficiently good understanding of the physics, which allows us to start making predictions relevant for society at large. Enormous forces are released during solar eruptions that lead to risks to our society. An important aspect of the Sun–Earth connection is the possibility of a link between solar variations and climate. If such a link exists and can be quantified, it has significant implications regarding the possibility of predicting climate changes, natural or man-made, and mitigating the societal effects

  • 23 - Geophysical Studies, Natural Hazards, and Climate Change

  • from Part VII - Future Earth and Risk, Safety and Security
  • Edited by Tom Beer, Jianping Li, Beijing Normal University, Keith Alverson
  • Book:
    Global Change and Future Earth
    Published online:
    22 October 2018
    Print publication:
    18 October 2018, pp 313-327

  • Summary

    Case studies, such as the multi-year droughts and wildfires in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico and the intense precipitation and flooding disasters in southern Mexico, illustrate the impacts of repeat events in identified disaster-prone areas. A geophysical perspective indicates that there are a range of tools available, including Earth satellite observation systems, instrumental networks, geophysical observatories, geographic information systems and high-resolution aerial, marine and ground-based geophysical methods. These tools coupled with improved understanding of phenomena, higher computational capacity, risk analysis, databases and numerical simulations provide a scientific-technical framework for developing improved monitoring and response strategies.

  • 30 - Looking Back to Move Forward: Institutional Capacity Required by Global Governance Changes

  • from Part VIII - Climate Change and Global Change
  • Edited by Tom Beer, Jianping Li, Beijing Normal University, Keith Alverson
  • Book:
    Global Change and Future Earth
    Published online:
    22 October 2018
    Print publication:
    18 October 2018, pp 398-409

  • Summary

    Integration efforts aiming to increase understanding of global governance changes in the sustainable development and disaster risk reduction areas focus on the need for increased institutional capacity required to link diverse networks within each global field. Institutional capacity is also needed to create greater alignment and cohesion between science and practice, and across sectors and stakeholders. A look back at the evolution of global disaster risk reduction and sustainable development efforts finds that despite early progress, integration between these fields has proved difficult to achieve. The recently established Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) and Future Earth are case studies in science integration. Explicitly committed to science integration, both IRDR and Future Earth constitute concrete progress towards it. Both, however, are science heavy and lack transparency around funding and research relationships, and concerning decision-making structures and criteria. Ultimately success will depend on ability to balance science, policy and practice influence at all levels of organisation, and in all decision making relating to research, practice and policy.

Page 93 of 1588