We examine the specialization to simple matroids of certain problems in extremal matroid theory that are concerned with bounded cocircuit size. Assume that each cocircuit of a simple matroid M has at most d elements. We show that if M has rank 3, then M has at most d + [lfloor]√d[rfloor] + 1 points, and we classify the rank-3 simple matroids M that have exactly d + [lfloor]√d[rfloor] points. We show that if M is a connected matroid of rank 4 and d is q3 with q > 1, then M has at most q3 + q2 + q + 1 points; this upper bound is strict unless q is a prime power, in which case the only such matroid with exactly q3 + q2 + q + 1 points is the projective geometry PG(3, q). We also show that if d is q4 for a positive integer q and if M has rank 5 and is vertically 5-connected, then M has at most q4 + q3 + q2 + q + 1 points; this upper bound is strict unless q is a prime power, in which case PG(4, q) is the only such matroid that attains this bound.

Let M(n, A) denote the maximum possible cardinality of a family of binary strings of length n, such that for every four distinct members of the family there is a coordinate in which exactly two of them have a 1. We prove that M(n, A) [les ] 20.78n for all sufficiently large n. Let M(n, C) denote the maximum possible cardinality of a family of binary strings of length n, such that for every four distinct members of the family there is a coordinate in which exactly one of them has a 1. We show that there is an absolute constant c < 1/2 such that M(n, C) [les ] 2cn for all sufficiently large n. Some related questions are discussed as well.

Vapnik and Chervonenkis proposed in [7] a combinatorial notion of dimension that reflects the ‘combinatorial complexity’ of families of sets. In the three decades that have passed since that paper, this notion – the Vapnik–Chervonenkis dimension (VC-dimension) – has been discovered to be of primal importance in quite a wide variety of topics in both pure mathematics and theoretical computer science.

In this paper we turn our attention to classes with infinite VC-dimension, a realm thrown into one big bag by the usual VC-dimension analysis. We identify three levels of combinatorial complexity of classes with infinite VC-dimension. We show that these levels fall under the set-theoretic definition of σ-ideals (in particular, each of them is closed under countable unions), and that they are all distinct. The first of these levels (i.e., the family of ‘small’ infinite-dimensional classes) coincides with the family of classes which are non-uniformly PAC-learnable.

Maybe the most surprising contribution of this work is the discovery of an intimate relation between the VC-dimension of a class of subsets of the natural numbers and the Lebesgue measure of the set of reals defined when these subsets are viewed as binary representations of real numbers.

As a by-product, our investigation of the VC-dimension-induced ideals over the reals yields a new proper extension of the Lebesgue measure. Another offshoot of this work is a simple result in probability theory, showing that, given any sequence of pairwise independent events, any random event is eventually independent of the members of the sequence.

Consider the integer lattice L = ℤ2. For some m [ges ] 4, let us colour each column of this lattice independently and uniformly with one of m colours. We do the same for the rows, independently of the columns. A point of L will be called blocked if its row and column have the same colour. We say that this random configuration percolates if there is a path in L starting at the origin, consisting of rightward and upward unit steps, avoiding the blocked points. As a problem arising in distributed computing, it has been conjectured that for m [ges ] 4 the configuration percolates with positive probability. This question remains open, but we prove that the probability that there is percolation to distance n but not to infinity is not exponentially small in n. This narrows the range of methods available for proving the conjecture.

We derive improved isoperimetric inequalities for discrete product measures on the n-dimensional cube. As a consequence, a general theorem on the threshold behaviour of monotone properties is obtained. This is then applied to coding theory when we study the probability of error after decoding.

In this paper, we combine two previous works, the first being by the first author and K. Nelander, and the second by J. van den Berg and the second author, to show (1) that one can carry out a Propp–Wilson exact simulation for all Markov random fields on ℤd satisfying a certain high noise assumption, and (2) that all such random fields are a finitary image of a finite state i.i.d. process. (2) is a strengthening of the previously known fact that such random fields are so-called Bernoulli shifts.

Farah recently proved that many Borel P-ideals. on satisfy the following requirement: any measurable homomorphism has a continuous lifting which is a homomorphism itself. Ideals having such a property were called Radon–Nikodym (RN) ideals. Answering some Farah's questions, it is proved that many non-P ideals, including, for instance, Fin ⊗ Fin, are Radon–Nikodym. To prove this result, another property of ideals called the Fubini property, is introduced, which implies RN and is stable under some important transformations of ideals.

The set of integers represented as the sum of three cubes of natural numbers is widely expected to have positive density (see Hooley [7] for a discussion of this topic). Over the past six decades or so, the pursuit of an acceptable approximation to the latter statement has spawned much of the progress achieved in the theory of the Hardy-Littlewood method, so far as its application to Waring's problem for smaller exponents is concerned. Write R(N) for the number of positive integers not exceeding N which are the sum of three cubes of natural numbers.

Let ℳ be the collection of all intersections of balls, considered as a subset of the hyperspace ℳ of all closed, convex and bounded sets of a Banach space, furnished with the Hausdorff metric. It is proved that ℳ is uniformly very porous if and only if the space fails the Mazur intersection property.

§1. Introduction. In 1946, Davenport and Heilbronn [9] proved a result which opened up the study of Diophantine inequalities. Suppose that Q(x) is a diagonal quadratic form with non-zero real coefficients in s variables. We write

The integral representation for the solution of the 2-D Dirichlet problem for harmonic functions with boundary data on closed and open curves is obtained. The solution is expressed as a sum of potentials, the density of which obeys the uniquely solvable Fredholm integral equation of the second kind.

§0. Introduction. Low-dimensional topology is dominated by the fundamental group. However, since every finitely presented group is the fundamental group of some closed 4-manifold, it is often stated that the effective influence of π1 ends in dimension three. This is not quite true, however, and there are some interesting border disputes. In this paper, we show that, by imposing the extra condition of parallelizability on the tangent bundle, the dominion of π1 is extended by an extra dimension.

Consider a convex polytope X and a family of convex sets, satisfying a given property P. Moreover, assume that is closed under operations of cutting and convex pasting along hyperplanes. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given to have . As a consequence, it follows that, if all simplices or small enough simplices have the property in question, then X also has that property.

The problem of scattering of tidal waves by reefs and spits of arbitrary shape is reduced to a skew derivative problem for the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation in the exterior of open arcs in a plane. The resulting boundary-value problem is studied by potential theory and a boundary integral equation method. After some transformations, the skew derivative problem is reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, which is uniquely solvable. In this way the solvability theorem is proved and an integral representation of the solution is obtained. A uniqueness theorem is also proved.

Let d≥2 and let K⊂ℝd be a convex body containing the origin 0 in its interior. For each direction ω, let the (d−l)-volume of the intersection of K and an arbitrary hyperplane with normal ω attain its maximum when the hyperplane contains 0. Then K is symmetric about 0. The proof uses a linear integro-differential operator on Sd−1, whose null-space needs to be, and will be determined.

First, a special case of Knaster's problem is proved implying that each symmetric convex body in ℝ3 admits an inscribed cube. It is deduced from a theorem in equivariant topology, which says that there is no S4–equivariant map from SO(3) to S2, where S4 acts on SO(3) on the right as the rotation group of the cube, and on S2 on the right as the symmetry group of the regular tetrahedron. Some generalizations are also given.

An original linear algebraic approach to the basic notion of Freiman's isomorphism is developed and used in conjunction with a combinatorial argument to answer two questions, posed by Freiman about 35 years ago.

First, the order of growth is established of t(n), the number of classes isomorphic n-element sets of integers: t(n) = n(2 + σ(1))n. Second, it is proved linear Roth sets (sets of integers free of arithmetic progressions and having Freiman rank 1) exist and, moreover, the number of classes of such cardinality n is amazingly large; in fact, it is “the same as above”: .

§1. Introduction. We study in this paper some properties of the Lusternik-Schnirelmann category of isolated invariant sets of continuous dynamical systems. There are several different definitions of this coefficient, although most of them agree in the important case of ANR's (Absolute Neighbourhood Retracts). We refer to the review articles [10] by R. H. Fox and [15, 16] by I. M. James for general information about this topological invariant. We shall use in this paper the definition of the Lusternik-Schnirelmann category of a compactum introduced by K. Borsuk in [4].