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The years 1908 and 1909 were vital for establishing the reputation of Claude Debussy in Britain because of three significant events: Debussy’s visit to Britain to conduct Prélude à l’après-midi d’un faune and La mer at the Queen’s Hall in February 1908, the shambolic performance of Nocturnes in February 1909, and the long-awaited première of Pelléas et Mélisande in May and June 1909. British audiences and critics had already sought to find a language to describe Debussy’s ‘atmospheric’ orchestral music. This chapter gives insights into the advocacy work to prepare the British public for Pelléas, which was unlike any opera they had heard before. Focusing on the Symbolist writer, Arthur Symons, Debussy’s first biographer, Louisa Liebich, and influential critic, Edwin Evans, it considers how an understanding of Debussy in Britain was distinctive from that in France and influenced the wider reception and international standing of Debussy in the pre-war years.
In Debussy’s mélodies, the placement of poetic stresses within a bar frequently contradicts the natural rhythm of the French language. In the case of his early songs, scholars have rationalised these occurrences through his ‘casual regard for the text’, his youthfulness, or his ‘budding fascination with the poetry’. However, the irregularities present in his later songs have not been explained. While confirming that Debussy’s translation of the prosody into the musical metre and rhythm is anything but strict, my study of meter and rhythm in his mélodies suggests that an exact rendering of versification was not even intended in many of the songs. To demonstrate this aspect of Debussy’s technique, I compare a few poetic lines from the 1882 and 1892 settings of Verlaine’s ‘En sourdine’ and focus on a single rhythmic alteration, whose location, in the light of the song’s other rhythmic and metrical events, reveals its purpose.
The long century of Debussy research since 1918 has featured competing insights into his ‘arabesque’ idea (Zenck 1974, Eigeldinger 1988, Bhogal 2013). Was this a melodic, polyphonic, or polysemic concept? Supporting Bhogal’s view of arabesque as diachronic and variable, we explain its three-decade-long evolution in Debussy’s music via early, intermediate, conventional and late stages. Our study applies music-analytical rigour to compositional evidence from across his output, representing a significant and original contribution to interpreting his development. Beyond explicating technical differences between his early and mature techniques, we show how arabesque taxonomy must extend past the L’Après-midi period into Debussy’s final decade, when he developed a ‘late’, transformed version of this practice. Finally, we argue that arabesque represents one of Debussy’s central stylistic discoveries, enabling him to link material to process, to conceive of melody, heterophony, and polyphony suited to the new formal principles that would inspire generations of future composers.
One of the lasting clichés about Debussy’s music is that it exemplifies a newly ‘static’ approach to musical time. However understandable this trope might seem in light of the post-tonal syntax and gamelan-inspired textures found in many of his major works, it overlooks his consistent, inventive engagement with quite opposite tendencies, notably the energetic, propulsive, and infectious rhythms of the dance. In this chapter, I offer a diagnostic overview and survey of dance tropes as they are deployed from Debussy’s earliest works (e.g. Danse bohémienne, 1880) to his last (Sonate pour violon et piano, 1917).
I propose a preliminary categorisation of Debussy’s oeuvre according to dance type. Such a broad survey can shed new light on the subtle evolutions within his lifelong exploration metrically hybrid dances. I illustrate how Debussy deployed a whole panoply of rhythmic characters to impart energy to an art he once defined as ‘de temps et de couleurs rythmés’.
Debussy composed three of his planned Six Sonatas for Various Instruments between 1915 and 1917 before his death in 1918. In 2018, composers from across Europe and North America were invited to write music for the instrumentation of these three incomplete sonatas from Debussy’s grand project, for a concert to be held at the University of Glasgow Memorial Chapel. As a result, several original works were performed by the Chamber Group of the Royal Scottish National Orchestra under the direction of Jon Hargreaves, alongside the completed Debussy sonatas.
This chapter presents the reflections of several of these composers, exploring how they confronted the specific question of Debussy’s influence and legacy, as well as trickier questions that arise from attempts to memorialise canonical precursors through contemporary creative practice. In what ways might Debussy’s music live on through the widely diverse imaginations of twenty-first-century composers?
For contemporaneous writers on Debussy, the First World War presented a persistent problem, with many choosing to omit or minimise these years in their portrayals of the composer, or French music in general. Drawing on work in collective memory by Maurice Halbwachs and successive generations of scholars, I consider the ways in which such portrayals were constructed and speculate on the reasons for why they endured. This chapter presents three narratives and examines them in terms of the types of memory at work, the motivations of the groups sustaining these memories, and the actions undertaken by these groups to promote their visions of the past. Each narrative subscribed to a particular collective remembering of recent French music, while each was consistent in what it overlooked: that is, they all contributed to a general collective forgetting with regards to Debussy’s late works and the war years.
This article explores the intersection of electroacoustic music in multichannel immersive audio environments and trauma-informed therapy practices through gestural mediation in artistic works. Drawing on Jean-François Augoyard’s definition of anamnesis, the article examines how spatial audio can evoke memories and mirror the psychological landscapes associated with trauma. The research is centred around the composition Crumble, which uses spatial sound to articulate fragmented mental states of individuals processing traumatic experiences. Through an analysis of the spatial placement of sound, gestural technologies and embodied interaction, the article demonstrates how these elements converge to create immersive environments that facilitate an understanding of trauma and memory. The findings highlight the role of embodied cognition in music performance, showing how Crumble’s integration of body, space and sound fosters audience connection through immersive spatialisation and gestural mediation. By integrating these practices, this study offers new insights into the therapeutic potential of immersive electroacoustic music as a medium for expressing complex emotional states. Combining embodied sound, gestural control and spatial audio promotes the exploration of space and memory, encourages personal agency and supports reintegration of body and mind, aligning with trauma-informed practices. It suggests avenues for future exploration in the intersection of music, psychology and immersive technologies.
The erection of the Berlin Wall in November 1961 gave the separation between the West and the Eastern Bloc, and particularly between the two Germanies, an enduring symbol. It also concretized the division of the Berlin Phonogram Archive, which had been separated by the Second World War, in a seemingly unsurmountable way. But while the wall made cross-border academic collaborations considerably more difficult, it did not prevent them entirely. This article relies on previously unexplored primary sources to relate and contextualize the extraordinary story of how two ethnomusicologists were able to bring together a large part of the cylinder collections of the Berlin Phonogram Archive, even as the geopolitical situation surrounding them grew ever more tense. From 1966 to 1967, Kurt Reinhard, then head of the Berlin Phonogram Archive and the Ethnomusicology Department of the Ethnological Museum in West Berlin, and Erich Stockmann, an academic employee of the Academy of Sciences in East Berlin and caretaker of the archival recordings returned by the Soviets, succeeded in exchanging and copying over 5,000 cylinder recordings and their documentation despite a litany of political and financial difficulties. Their collaboration illuminates a little-known aspect of the history of this foundational archive, while raising important questions about ethnomusicology’s political history and the roles the Cold War and Second World War played in the discipline’s formation.
In 1911, Italy invaded the region now known as Libya, then part of the Ottoman Empire, as part of a larger Italian colonizing foray into northern Africa. Many scholars have pointed out in recent years how intense the sonic environments of war can be, and the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–12 was no exception. Not only was the war itself full of sound and sonic media such as gramophones and telephones, the narration of the war, including most (in)famously that of Futurist author F.T. Marinetti, focused from the outset on the sonic intensities of the conflict. In addition, the war became a site for the cultivation of sonic media: Guglielmo Marconi not only deployed his radio technology for the Italian cause, he personally travelled to Libya to test and refine radio in the unique geographies there. In this article, I consider these Italian-centric narratives of war alongside accounts of the sonic experiences of the Arab and Ottoman Turkish forces in their resistance to the Italian occupation, considering the sonic techniques deployed both for and against Italian colonialism. I focus on three particular sonic techniques of that resistance: first, ‘counterlistening’, or ways of listening that subvert empire’s auralities; second, ululation (mostly by women) on the battlefield and beyond; and third, jihad, especially its sonic articulations as a set of declarations, battle cries, religious chanting, and even poetry. For both sides, sound played a much greater role in the war than just being a by-product of activity; these sonic techniques both shaped the war and were shaped by it, producing new forms of sonic experience that played important roles in constituting the colonial and anticolonial in Libya.
In a time of colonial subjugation, subaltern, illicit and courtesan dancers in India radically disturbed racist, casteist and patriarchal regimes of thought. The criminalized 'nautch' dancer, vilified by both British colonialism and Indian nationalism, appears in this book across multiple locations, materials and timelines: from colonial human exhibits in London to open-air concerts in Kolkata, from heritage Bengali bazaar art to cheap matchbox labels and frayed scrapbooks, and from the late nineteenth century to our world today. Combining historiography and archival research, close reading of dancing bodies in visual culture, analysis of gestures absent and present, and performative writing, Prarthana Purkayastha brings to light rare materials on nautch women, real and fictional outlawed dancers, courtesans and sex-workers from India. Simultaneously, she decolonises existing ontologies of dance and performance as disappearance and advocates for the restless remains of nautch in animating urgent debates on race, caste, gender and sexuality today.
Recently, over the course of a month in Taipei, I took in twenty-five opera performances, each opening a window onto the vast and varied world of Chinese opera.1 The performances were drawn from different genres: Peking opera (both canonical repertoire and new works), Taiwanese opera (kua-á-hì, or gezaixi), Hakka opera, Beiguan opera, Kunqu opera, Yu opera (Henan opera) and glove puppet opera (pòo-tē-hì). Although I was well aware of Taiwan’s vibrant operatic and theatrical scene – indeed, it was the very reason I pursued this residency – I was nonetheless surprised by the volume, variety and vitality of the performances I experienced. My visit coincided with one of the peak periods in the ritual calendar (the third lunar month), during which one could easily choose from more than ten outdoor opera performances each day, held at various temples throughout the greater Taipei area. In addition, meticulously crafted and lavishly mounted productions were featured at formal venues such as the Taiwan Traditional Theatre Center and Dadaocheng Theater. The performing culture of Chinese opera in Taiwan nowadays remains vibrant, imaginative, colourful and remarkably robust.