Since 1979, plastic companies have significantly expanded their markets. Evidence suggests that excessive plastic use in Ethiopia has exacerbated environmental pollution, contributing to a “quadruple crisis” involving climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution and public health and economic impacts. To address this, the Ethiopian government needs to establish effective plastic waste management strategies. Key future direction and recommendation include (1) Developing and enforcing national strategies, including a ban on many single-use plastics, for sustainable plastic waste management; (2) adopting international best practices and policies to move toward a zero-waste approach; (3) investing in a circular economy and plastic waste management systems; (4) strengthening policies through comprehensive legislation and extended producer responsibility frameworks; (5) establishing a council to integrate scientific research into policymaking; (6) promoting green technologies and innovations, such as plastic waste-to-energy and smart waste management; (7) engaging in global efforts to monitor hazardous chemicals in plastics and support transparency in a toxic-free circular economy to ensure the public’s right to information.

Serious games are a method that can be used to reach the public on complex topics related to the ocean. Although games used for learning generally, and ocean literacy specifically, have developed gradually since the 1970s, it was not until the popularization of digital games, around the turn of the millennium, that serious games rose to prominence in academia. Since then, vast amounts of serious games research have been published each year – chiefly on digital games, but also increasingly on hybrid and analogue games. In this article, we present results from a series of serious games that were played in three geographical regions in Norway with future-generation stakeholders and tie this to ocean literacy. We report on the potential benefits of serious games for learning and motivation based on these results. The games were played within the context of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science, the sustainable development goals and multilevel governance, with a special focus on microplastic pollution and jellyfish blooms. We argue that using serious games can be beneficial not just for outreach but also as a tool for unintrusive collection of qualitative data in the form of narratives from transcriptions post-gaming session and contribute to ocean literacy.

Ongoing policy negotiations, such as the negotiations for a future global plastics treaty, include calls for increased recycling of plastics. However, before recycling of plastics can be considered a safe practice, the flaws in today’s systems must be addressed. Plastics contain a vast range of chemicals, including monomers, polymers, processing agents, fillers, antioxidants, plasticizers, pigments, microbiocides and stabilizers. The amounts and types of chemicals in plastics products vary, and there are little requirements for transparency and reporting. Additionally, they are inherently contaminated with reaction by-products and other nonintentionally added substances (NIASs). As the chemical composition of plastics wastes is largely unknown, and many plastics chemicals are hazardous, they therefore hinder safe recycling since recyclers are not able to exclude materials that contain hazardous chemicals. To address this problem, we suggest the following policy strategies: 1) improved reporting, transparency and traceability of chemicals in plastics throughout their full life cycle; 2) chemical simplification and group-based approaches to regulating hazardous chemicals; 3) chemical monitoring, testing and quality control; 4) economic incentives that follow the waste hierarchy; and 5) support for a just transition to protect people, including waste pickers, impacted throughout the plastics life cycle.

Plastics used in agriculture, commonly known as agriplastics (AP), offer numerous advantages in terrestrial agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, but the diffusion of AP-intensive practices has led to extensive pollution. This review aims to synthesise scientific and policy discussions surrounding AP, examining evidence of their benefits and detrimental environmental and agricultural impacts. Following the proposal of a preliminary general taxonomy of AP, this paper presents the findings from a survey conducted among international experts from the plastic industry, farmer organisations, NGOs and environmental research institutes. This analysis highlights knowledge gaps, demands and perspectives for the sustainable future use of AP. Stakeholder positions vary on the options of ‘rejection’ or ‘reduction’ of AP, as well as the role of alternative materials such as (bio)degradable and compostable plastics. However, there is consensus on critical issues such as redesign, labelling, traceability, environmental safety standards, deployment and retrieval standards, as well as innovative waste management approaches. All stakeholders express concern for the environment. A ‘best practice’-based circular model was elaborated capturing these perspectives. In the context of global food systems increasingly reliant on AP, scientists emphasise the need to simultaneously preserve nature-based and traditional knowledge-based sustainable agricultural practices to enhance food system resilience.

Disinfection is a standard water treatment process. Plastics are found in various components of water infrastructure and the presence of microplastics in the water cycle raises environmental and human health concerns. Thus, this research investigated the physicochemical impacts of chlorination and chloramination on seven types of virgin and biofouled polymers (125–250 μm) under three disinfectant doses, three pH conditions in potable and recycled water. Our results indicated that both chlorination and chloramination impacted the seven polymers, with polypropylene (PP), expanded polystyrene (EPS) and polyamide (PA) being most impacted, signalling these as polymers of concern. Surface morphological changes were observed. FTIR spectra revealed cleavage of bonds and formation of carbonyl groups indicating degradation. While disinfection is helpful for treating pathogenic microorganisms, the risks of generating microplastics below detection limits are highlighted. Microplastics in disinfected water can lead to biofilm formation, increased adsorption of contaminants and disinfection by-products, compromising water quality and posing challenges for treatment. This research provides valuable insights into the physicochemical impacts of chlorination and chloramination on polymers, enhancing our understanding of their behaviour and fate in water and wastewater environments. While additional ecotoxicological research is needed to fully understand health implications, our study emphasizes the need for targeted intervention strategies of high-use polymers of concern.

Plastic pollution is recognised as one of this century’s most significant environmental challenges and has the characteristics of a super wicked problem. Though researchers and governments around the globe are coming up with promising technological interventions, awareness among citizens and stringent policies are the need of the hour to tackle this issue. A few countries have issued postage stamps and postal materials showcasing the various dimensions of plastic pollution. Historically, stamps depicted every progress, problem and various milestones of humanity spanning multiple fields. We contend that the plastic pollution problems and impact should be depicted through postage stamps from all countries. Through this feat, the message of the need for sustainable usage of plastics for the common good of all species can be spread by showcasing various dimensions of the sustainability of plastic usage in postage materials. This article discusses the rise of plastic pollution, its emerging impacts, and contemporary issues and mitigation strategies through postage stamps and materials. Philately can be a medium for providing environmental awareness, considering the case of plastic pollution. It can be a strong driver to promote consciousness regarding various environmental problems among students undergoing multiple levels of education and the general public.

The goal of the Global Plastics Treaty is to “end plastic pollution and to protect human and environmental health.” Despite overwhelming evidence of the adverse impacts of microplastics on human and environmental health, the inclusion of how microplastics will be addressed within the Global Plastics Treaty remains unclear. Yet, a contaminant as morphologically and chemically diverse as microplastics should be considered a priority for regulation under the Global Plastics Treaty like the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). As the goal of finalizing the Global Plastics Treaty at INC-5 was not realized, a valuable opportunity to push for more inclusion and objectives that include atmospheric microplastics exists. To ensure that atmospheric microplastics are present within the Global Plastics Treaty text, the following are recommended. Ensure that inclusion of terms “air” and/or “atmosphere” and/or “atmospheric microplastics” be present alongside other environmental compartments like terrestrial and aquatic (marine and freshwater) environments. Capping plastic production is critical to reducing subsequent microplastic pollution. Improving product design or developing microplastic capture technologies should be prioritized for plastic products known to contribute to atmospheric microplastic pollution. Empirical targets should be established to mitigate emissions of atmospheric microplastics from “leaky” regions (e.g., urban centres and industrial regions), and targets should also be placed on activities that result in generation and release of secondary microplastics (e.g., dryer emissions and automotive tires). A framework to reduce pollution should be informed by the structure of other relevant successful multilateral air pollution agreements (e.g., the Montreal Protocol and CLRTAP), and goals should be informed by the present science and data obtained from monitoring. A global network of atmospheric monitoring observatories should be established to identify “leaky” regions or sources/activities and monitor temporal changes in microplastic concentrations via long-range processes. Establish specialized working groups of global experts that can develop and harmonize atmospheric microplastic monitoring and analytical methods. Assess effectiveness of mitigation and reduction strategies for atmospheric microplastics in relation to the empirical targets established by the Global Plastics Treaty. Additionally, atmospheric microplastics can be used as a metric to ensure that broader scale changes to pollution reduction strategies implemented by the Global Plastics Treaty are effective.

Global plastic production has more than doubled over the past two decades, fueling a parallel rise in transboundary plastic waste trade (PWT). Despite efforts to curb this through the Basel Convention and its 2021 Plastic Waste Amendments (BCPWA), loopholes and inconsistent implementation continue to allow large volumes of problematic and “hidden” plastic waste to bypass regulation. This flow of waste from high-income to lower-income countries has resulted in disproportionate environmental and social harms, often described as “waste colonialism.” Three years after the BCPWA entered into force, its limited impact highlights the urgent need for stronger, clearer, and universally enforceable rules. As the Global Plastics Treaty (GPT) nears conclusion at INC-5.2, negotiators have a critical opportunity to strengthen global controls. Expanding the Basel Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure to cover all plastic waste—including currently unregulated categories such as synthetic textiles and B3011 plastics—would close existing regulatory gaps, promote transparency, and ensure environmentally sound management. While a full ban on PWT may be politically unattainable in the near term, universal PIC represents a pragmatic step forward. Ultimately, meaningful progress demands upstream solutions: the GPT must prioritize reducing plastic production at its source, especially for the most harmful and unnecessary applications.

An ambitious global plastics treaty is urgently needed to decrease soil pollution from microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs), originating both from intentional uses of agricultural plastics and from composts and sludges applied to soils, contaminated due to the increasing plastic production and use. The current narrative, biased by vested interests, overemphasizes short-term benefits of agricultural plastics, while ignoring their adverse effects. MNPs disturb invertebrate and pollinator behavior, affect nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration, decrease photosynthesis and plant growth, contribute to water and air pollution and may contaminate plants, crops and livestock. The thousands of chemicals contained in conventional and biodegradable or biobased plastics can leach into soil. By threatening ecosystem functioning and terrestrial food production, plastic pollution represents a challenge for food safety and human health and is a long-term threat to food security. To protect soils from plastic pollution, a strong global treaty is needed, with provisions on plastic production reduction, product design and regulation of plastic chemicals. Plastics’ essentiality, sustainability and safety criteria are needed in the agriculture sector – where plastics are used unsustainably and not all are essential – and in all sectors along the food production value chain (food processing, packaging).

The escalating presence of microplastics (<5 mm) in drinking water presents urgent environmental and health challenges, yet the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP) Global Plastics Treaty draft texts, including UNEP/PP/INC.5/4 and the Chair’s Text, lack robust provisions to address this issue. This Letter to the Editor analyzes deficiencies in the treaty’s approach, identifying critical gaps in standardized terminology, globally consistent monitoring methodologies, comprehensive source control and enforceable international regulations. Leveraging insights from California’s innovative microplastics monitoring framework, which employs spectroscopy-based detection and provisional health thresholds, we highlight scalable solutions for global policy. Key obstacles include technological disparities, economic reliance on plastic production, limited toxicological data and geopolitical barriers to unified action. We propose targeted strategies for the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-5.2), including adopting precise microplastics definitions, establishing universal detection protocols, regulating both primary and secondary microplastic sources and supporting research and capacity-building in low-resource regions. These measures aim to enhance the treaty’s ability to mitigate microplastic pollution in drinking water, fostering science-driven global cooperation to protect ecosystems and public health.