Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-5ngxj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-16T12:00:54.264Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

20 - EMI Culture in Korean Higher Education

from Part III - Teaching Academic Subjects through English Medium Instruction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 December 2025

Piotr Romanowski
Affiliation:
University of Warsaw
Get access

Summary

English Medium Instruction (EMI) is currently being implemented at a number of Korean universities. This paper examines EMI culture in Korean higher education by collecting and analysing a large volume of research papers and news articles on the topic from the last two decades. Specifically, it attempts to elucidate how and why EMI culture in Korean higher education has been associated with such negative perceptions as compulsory, inadequate, ineffective, divisive, unfair, and isolating. This paper makes suggestions for desirable EMI culture that should be pursued in Korean universities and any other institutions with the goal of EMI expansion.

Information

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ahn, B.-m. (2009). 2009nyeon daehak gyoyuk yeongnyang ganghwa saeop sihaeng gyehoek gonggo 2009년 대학 교육역량 강화 사업 시행계획 공고 (A public notice of the enforcement plan to enhance universities’ educational capacity). Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (MEST). https://uniarlimi.kasfo.or.kr/knowledge/dataRoom/1923?pageIdx=1&.Google Scholar
Anderson, T., & Kohler, H.-P. (2013). Education fever and the East Asian fertility puzzle. Asian Population Studies 9(2), 196215. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2013.797293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bak, S.-h. (2007). Daehak yeongeo gangui momsal alneunda 대학 영어강의 몸살 앓는다 (Universities suffering from the problems of English-medium classes). The JoongAng, 15 February. www.joongang.co.kr/article/2637334.Google Scholar
Bak, S. (2008). “Uri mallo doen gangui noteu eomnayo?” “우리 말로 된 강의 노트 없나요?” (Are there lecture notes in Korean?). Kyosu Sinmun, 17 March. www.kyosu.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=15722.Google Scholar
Byun, K., & Kim, M. (2011). Shifting patterns of the government’s policies for the internationalization of Korean higher education. Journal of Studies in International Education 15(5), 467486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byun, K., Jon, J.-E., Cho, Y. H., Kim, N., Kim, H., & Mn, H. (2012). Daehak yuhyeong mit teukseonge ttareun gukjehwa chujin jeollyak yeongu [II] daehak yeongeogangui jeongchaegui hyogwajeok chujinjeollyak tamsaek 대학 유형 및 특성에 따른 국제화 추진 전략 연구 [II] 대학 영어강의 정책의 효과적 추진전략 탐색 (A study of globalization strategies by university type and characteristics). http://hepri.korea.ac.kr.Google Scholar
Cho, D. W. (2012). English-Medium Instruction in the university context of Korea: Tradeoff between teaching outcomes and media-initiated university ranking. The Journal of Asia TEFL 9(4), 135163.Google Scholar
Choe, J., & Kim, M. (2007). Godeunggyoyuk Gukjehwa Jipyo mit Jisu Gaebal Yeongu 고등교육 국제화 지표 및 지수 개발 연구 [A study on internationalization index of higher education]. S. a. T. Ministry of Education & KEDI.Google Scholar
Choi, L. J. (2024). English as an important but unfair resource: University students’ perception of English and English language education in South Korea. Teaching in Higher Education 29(1), 144158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2021.1965572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, M. K. (2011). Feature: KAIST’s student suicide crisis. The KAIST Herald, 21 April.Google Scholar
Choi, S. J. (2013). Issues and challenges in offering English-Medium Instruction: A close examination of the classroom experiences of professors. Yongo Yongmunhak Yon’gu 영어영문학연구 [Studies in English Language & Literature] 39(2), 275306.Google Scholar
ESAST (2021). Chwihangnyul mit jinhangnyul 취학률 및 진학률 [Percentages of attending school and percentages of attending upper-level school]. Educational Statistics Analysis Service Team (ESAST), Ministry of Education 교육부 교육통계분석서비스팀, 31 December.Google Scholar
ETS-TOEFL (2022). TOEFL iBT: Test and score data summary 2021.Google Scholar
Ghazarian, P. G., & Youhne, M. S. (2015). Exploring intercultural pedagogy: Evidence from international faculty in South Korean higher education. Journal of Studies in International Education 19(5), 476490. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315315596580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guzman, S. T. D. (2020). KAIST’s path to globalization: A historical overview. The KAIST Herald, 11 April. https://herald.kaist.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=10204.Google Scholar
Han, S., & Kim, S. (2020). Current status and suggestions for English Medium Instruction (EMI) in Korean higher education 대학 영어강의 현황 및 지원 방향 탐색 연구. Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction 학습자중심교과교육연구 20(14), 463488. https://doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2020.20.14.463.Google Scholar
Han, H., & Lee, J. (2021). The relationship between Korean university students’ suicidal ideation and risk factors: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 26(1), 405420. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2021.1974901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, S.-h. (2011). KAIST chief under siege. The Korea Times, 8 April. www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2011/04/113_84827.html.Google Scholar
Hwang, I. (2009). Junbi andoen yeongeogangui, ‘yeongeo’do ‘gangui’do beokchada 준비 안된 영어강의, ‘영어’도 ‘강의’도 벅차다 [Both English and lecture are difficult because of ill-prepared English-medium instruction]. Yonsei Chunchu, 7 March. http://chunchu.yonsei.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=13302.Google Scholar
Hwang, J.-B., Kim, H.-D., Kim, S. H., & Min, H. (2020). A comparative study of middle and high school English teachers’ perceptions about ways of improving English education in Korean middle and high schools 학교 영어교육 내실화에 대한 중·고등학교 교사들의 인식 비교 조사. Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics 20, 209227. https://doi.org/10.15738/kjell.20.202006.209.Google Scholar
Ilbo, U. R. T.-J. (2018). Jungang ilbo daehak pyeongga 중앙일보 대학평가 (JoongAng Daily’s University Rankings). JoongAng Ilbo, 20 March. http://univ.joongang.co.kr/.Google Scholar
Im, A., Kim, H., Jeong, H., & Baek, S. (2011). ‘Jeongbo jeondal andwae, ulmyeo gyeojameokgisik’ … yeongeo gangui munjejeom ‘정보전달 안돼, 울며 겨자먹기식’ … 영어 강의 문제점 [Problems of English-Medium Instruction: Unable to share information but no ways to avoid]. The Kyunghyang Sinmun, 11 April. http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201104112101401.Google Scholar
Korea Higher Education Research Institute (2014). Eonnonsa daehak pyeonggaui bonjilgwa munjejeom 언론사 대학평가의 본질과 문제점 [The nature and problems of news agencies’ university education]. Korea Higher Education Research Institute.Google Scholar
Jang, W., Baek, S., & Yi, Y. (2011). Daehak yeongeogangui ‘inpeulle’ hyeonjangeul gada 대학 영어강의 ‘인플레’ 현장을 가다 [The exaggerated state of English-medium instruction at Korean universities[. Wolgan JoongAng, 2015, 1 June. https://jmagazine.joins.com/monthly/view/288674.Google Scholar
Jeong, J. (2011). Gukjehwa sidae daehak yeongeo gangui, geu jindangwa banghyang 국제화시대 대학 영어강의, 그 진단과 방향 [English-Medium Instruction in higher education in the era of globalization: its diagnosis and direction], pp. 77–91. Yonsei University, Seoul: Korean Council for University Education (KCUE) 한국대학교육협의회.Google Scholar
Jeong, Y. (2012). Gukjehwa gangjohadeon seouldae … yeongeo ganguineun doere jullyeo 국제화 강조하던 서울대 … 영어 강의는 되레 줄여 [Seoul National University emphasizes globalization, but the number of English-medium classes has decreased]. Munhwa Ilbo, 28 December. www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2012122801070827072002.Google Scholar
Jo, A. (2014). Daehaksaeng 10myeong jung 4myeong ‘yeongeo gangui jeolbando mot aradeureo’ 대학생 10명 중 4명 ‘영어 강의 절반도 못 알아들어’ [Four out of ten Korean university students understand less than 50% of English-medium class]. Sisa Journal (Current Events Journal), 20 August. www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=139940.Google Scholar
Jon, J.-E., Cho, Y. H., & Byun, K. (2020). Internationalization by English-Medium Instruction? Professors’ decoupling behaviors to EMI policy in Korean higher education. The KEDI Journal of Educational Policy (KJEP) 17(2), 297318. www.kedi.re.kr/eng/kedi/bbs/B0000005/view.do?nttId=2495&menuNo=200067&divisionCd=39&pageIndex=1.Google Scholar
KAIST (2022). EMI statistics.Google Scholar
Kang, A., & Cho, J. (2020). Korean college students’ stress and coping in the context of English-Medium Instruction. Gyoyuk Munhwa Yeongu 교육문화연구 Studies of Educational Culture 26(1), 755778. https://doi.org/10.24159/joec.2020.26.1.755.Google Scholar
Kang, S. (2011). Mujogeonjeok jeonche yeongeo gangui, nugureul wihaeseoinga 무조건적 전체 영어강의, 누구를 위해서인가 [For whom is English-Medium Instruction mandatory?]. The KAIST Times, 20 September. http://times.kaist.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=1156.Google Scholar
KEDI (n.d.) Research Projects 연구사업 www.kedi.re.kr/khome/main/webhome/Home.do.Google Scholar
KERIS (n.d.) Research Information Sharing Service 학술연구정보서비스 RISS. http://www.riss.kr/index.do.Google Scholar
KESS (2022). Yeondobyeol godeunggyoyuk gigwan oegugin jeonimgyowon biyul(1999–2022) 연도별 고등교육기관 외국인 전임교원 비율(1999–2022) [The percentages of full-time foreign professors in higher education by year (1999–2022)] Korean Educational Statistics Service (KESS) 교육통계서비스. https://kess.kedi.re.kr/mobile/kessTheme/zipyoDetail?menuCd=030202&cd=1813&survSeq=0000&uppCd1=030202.Google Scholar
Kim, A. (2022). South Korea’s young suicides rise despite overall drop. The Korea Herald, 14 June. www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220614000856#.Google Scholar
Kim, B.-e. (2013). Yeongeo jalhaeya gyosu doenda? 영어 잘해야 교수 된다? Does one need to speak English well to become a professor? Kyosu Sinmun, 4 November. www.kyosu.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=27931.Google Scholar
Kim, B. (2017). Yeongeo gangui hangungmallo haneun ‘oegugin gyosu’ 영어강의 한국말로 하는 ‘외국인 교수’ [Foreign professors giving lectures in English]. The Dong-A Ilbo, 18 December. http://news.donga.com/3/all/20171218/87791839/1.Google Scholar
Kim, E. G. (2017). English Medium Instruction in Korean higher education: Challenges and future directions. In Fenton-Smith, B., Humphreys, P., & Walkinshaw, I. (eds.), English Medium Instruction in higher education in Asia-Pacific: From policy to pedagogy. Springer, pp. 5369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, E. G., & Yoon, J.-R. (2018). Korean science and engineering students’ perceptions of English-Medium Instruction and Korean-Medium Instruction. Journal of Language, Identity & Education 17(3), 182197. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2018.1433539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, H.-j. (2011). S. Korean students’ suicides spur soul-searching in Seoul. The Washington Times, 21 April. www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/apr/21/s-korean-students-suicides-spur-soul-searching-in-/.Google Scholar
Kim, H.-J., & Chang, S. (2013). A study of perceptions on university major subjects in English-mediated instruction 영어매개 대학전공수업에 대한 인식 연구. Modern English Education 현대영어교육 14(3), 259282.Google Scholar
Kim, J., Choi, J., & Tatar, B. (2017). English-Medium Instruction and intercultural sensitivity: A Korean case study. Journal of Studies in International Education 21(5), 467482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315317720767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J., Tatar, B., & Choi, J. (2014). Emerging culture of English-Medium Instruction in Korea: Experiences of Korean and international students. Language and Intercultural Communication 14(4), 441459. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2014.946038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, K.-R. (2011). Korean professor and student perceptions of the efficacy of English-Medium Instruction. Ono Yon’gu 언어연구 [Linguistic Research] 28(3), 711741.Google Scholar
Kim, Y. (2011). Daehak yeongeo gangui ‘sokdo jojeol’ 대학 영어강의 ‘속도 조절’ [Control of the implementation of English-medium instruction in universities]. The Chosunilbo, 4 June. http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/06/04/2011060400096.html.Google Scholar
Kim, Y. (2017). Suhak·gwahak pyeonsikan gwahakgo chulsindeul ‘yeongeo gangui duryeowoyo’ 수학·과학 편식한 과학고 출신들 ‘영어강의 두려워요’ Graduates of science high schools, where mathematics and natural sciences are mainly taught, fearful of English-medium classes. The Chosunilbo, 13 July. www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2017/07/13/2017071300161.html.Google Scholar
Kwon, S. K., Lee, M., & Shin, D. (2017). Educational assessment in the Republic of Korea: Lights and shadows of high-stake exam-based education system. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 24(1), 6077. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594X.2015.1074540.Google Scholar
Lee, B., Cho, H., & Choi, J. (2018). Analysis of English use and needs in the graduate program: Focusing on English-mediated instruction and academic activities 대학원 교육에서 영어 사용 및 수요 분석: 영어 강의 및 학술 활동을 중심으로. Foreign Languages Education 외국어교육 25(1), 129158. https://doi.org/10.15334/FLE.2018.25.1.129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, G., & Prinsloo, C. (2018). Pedagogic challenges of English mediated instruction in the Korean EFL context. The Journal of Asia TEFL 15(1), 217224. http://dx.doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2018.15.1.16.217.Google Scholar
Lee, G. J. (2014). Why students don’t participate in English Medium Instruction classes in a Korean university: A case study. English Teaching 69(1), 91117.Google Scholar
Lee, J. (2011). English lectures at Korean colleges. The Korea Herald, 14 June. www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20110614000559#.Google Scholar
Lee, K.-H., & Hong, J.-y. (2015). Study on the situations and learning effect of English Medium Instruction at Korean universities 대학 영어전용강의 실태와 학습성과 분석. Chibang Kyoyuk Kyongyong 지방교육경영 [The Journal of Local Education Management] 18(1), 122.Google Scholar
Lee, K., & Lee, H. (2018). Korean graduate students’ self-perceptions of English skills and needs in an English-Medium Instruction context. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 39(8), 715728. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2018.1438442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S. (2014). A study of current states of EMI and its improvement: Focusing on FGI analysis of instructors and learners 대학 영어강의의 현황 탐색과 실천적 개선방안에 대한 고찰: 교수 & 학습자를 대상으로 한 포커스 그룹 인터뷰를 통하여. Yongo Yongmunhak Yon’gu 영어영문학연구 [Research on English Language and Literature] 56(4), 419446.Google Scholar
Macaro, E., Curle, S., Pun, J., An, J., & Dearden, J. (2018). A systematic review of English Medium Instruction in higher education. Language Teaching 51(1), 3676. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444817000350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mao, F. (2022). South Korea records world’s lowest fertility rate again. BBC News, 25 August. www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62670717.Google Scholar
McDonald, M. (2011). Elite South Korean university rattled by suicides. The New York Times, 22 May. www.nytimes.com/2011/05/23/world/asia/23southkorea.html?pagewanted=all.Google Scholar
MCST (n.d.) National Library of Korea 국립중앙도서관. https://www.nl.go.kr/.Google Scholar
MEST (2008a). 2012nyeonkkaji oegugin yuhaksaeng 10manmyeong yuchi 2012년까지 외국인 유학생 10만명 유치 [To recruit 100,000 foreign students until 2012], 4 August.Google Scholar
MEST (2008b). Study Korea Project Baljeon Bangan (Study Korea Project 발전방안; Plan for the Development of the Study Korea Project).Google Scholar
MEST (2009). Oegugin yuhaksaeng yuchi chokjineul wihan 2009nyeon yeongeo jeonyong gangjwa deung jiwon daehak seonjeong 외국인 유학생 유치 촉진을 위한 2009년 영어전용강좌 등 지원대학 선정 [Universities to receive financial support for English-medium instruction and others for 2009 in order to stimulate the recruitment of foreign students], 21 April.Google Scholar
MEST (2011). 2011nyeon gyoyuk gibon tonggye josa gyeolgwa balpyo 2011년 교육기본통계조사 결과 발표 [Basic educational statistics for the year of 2011]. www.moe.go.kr/boardCnts/viewRenew.do?boardID=294&lev=0&statusYN=C&s=moe&m=020402&opType=N&boardSeq=34768.Google Scholar
MEST (2012). 2020nyeonkkaji usuhan oegugin yuhaksaeng 20man myeong yuchi 2020년까지 우수한 외국인 유학생 20만 명 유치 [To recruit 200,000 of high-quality foreign students until 2020], 29 October.Google Scholar
MOE (n.d.) Statistics & Documents. www.moe.go.kr/main.do?s=moe.Google Scholar
MOE. (2016). 2016 Brief Statistics on Korean Education. www.kedi.re.kr/eng/kedi/bbs/B0000011/list.do?menuNo=200021.Google Scholar
MOEHRD (2004). Haeoe injeokjawon gaebareul wihan oegugin yuhaksaeng yuchi hwakdae jonghap bangan (Study Korea peurojekteu) maryeon 해외 인적자원개발을 위한 외국인 유학생 유치 확대 종합방안 (Study Korea 프로젝트) 마련 [Study Korea Project: a comprehensive plan to increase the recruitment of foreign students to develop foreign human resources], 7 December.Google Scholar
Nam, H., & Gwag, E. (2019). Yeongeo ansseuneun ‘yeongeo gangui’ … daehak pyeongga norigo magujabi gaeseol 영어 안 쓰는 ‘영어강의’ … 대학평가 노리고 마구잡이 개설 (No English used in English-medium (EM) classes; universities open EM classes indiscriminately for better university ranking). Segye Ilbo, 21 May. www.segye.com/newsView/20190520511336.Google Scholar
Namuwiki (2022). Jungangilbo daehakpyeongga 중앙일보 대학평가 [University rankings by Joong-Ang Ilbo].Google Scholar
OECD (2017). Students’ satisfaction with their life. In PISA 2015 results (Volume III): Students’ well-being, OECD, pp. 6981. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264273856-en.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD (2020). Students’ life satisfaction and meaning in life. In PISA 2018 results (Volume III): What school life means for students’ lives. OECD, pp. 153173. https://doi.org/10.1787/c414e291-en.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ok, Y. (2011). ‘Daehak “yeongeogangui” sokdo jojeol pillyo … “gangui jil” hwakbodwaeya’ ‘대학 “영어강의” 속도 조절 필요 … “강의 질” 확보돼야’ [English-Medium Instruction at universities should slow down; important to secure the quality of instruction]. Kyosu Sinmun, 7 June. www.kyosu.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=23144.Google Scholar
QS (2022a). QS Top Universities – KAIST. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. www.topuniversities.com/universities/kaist-korea-advanced-institute-science-technology.Google Scholar
QS (2022b). QS World University Rankings. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. https://support.qs.com/hc/en-gb/articles/4405955370898-QS-World-University-Rankings.Google Scholar
Seo, E. (2014a). Godaesaengdeuri <Jungangilbo> daehak pyeongga geobuhan kkadal 고대생들이 <중앙일보> 대학 평가 거부한 까닭 (The reasons why students of Korea University rejected JoongAng Daily’s university rankings). Pressian, 17 October. www.pressian.com/news/article.html?no=121017.+daehak+pyeongga+geobuhan+kkadal+고대생들이+<중앙일보>+대학+평가+거부한+까닭+(The+reasons+why+students+of+Korea+University+rejected+JoongAng+Daily’s+university+rankings).+Pressian,+17+October.+www.pressian.com/news/article.html?no=121017.>Google Scholar
Seo, E. (2014b). ‘Miguk salda wanneunde, yeongeo gangui mot aradeutgesseoyo’ ‘미국 살다 왔는데, 영어 강의 못 알아듣겠어요’ (‘I can’t understand English-medium classes although I used to live in the US’). Pressian, 20 October. www.pressian.com/news/article.html?no=121068.Google Scholar
Sharma, Y. (2011). South Korea: Degrees taught in English to continue. University World News, 17 July. www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20110715171111979.Google Scholar
Son, H. (2011). 2007nyeon geupbyeonhan haksa jeongchaek … hagudeul ‘gyujeboda sotongeul’ 2007년 급변한 학사정책 … 학우들 ‘규제보다 소통을’ (Drastic changes in academic policies in 2007; students advocating communication rather than regulations). The KAIST Times, 11 April. http://times.kaist.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=906.Google Scholar
Statista (2022). Monthly number of suicide deaths in South Korea from January 2019 to August 2022. www.statista.com/statistics/1266884/south-korea-monthly-deaths-by-suicide/#:~:text=In%20August%202022%2 C%20an%20estimated,Cooperation%20and%20Development%20.Google Scholar
THE (2021). World University Rankings 2022: Methodology. Times Higher Education, 26 August. www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/world-university-rankings-2022-methodology.Google Scholar
The JoongAng (2013). 2006nyeon daehak pyeongga jipyo 2006년 대학평가지표 [University ranking indicators for the year of 2006]. The JoongAng.Google Scholar
The JoongAng (2017a). Jungangilbo daehak pyeongga – jonghap pyeongga jipyo 중앙일보 대학평가 – 종합평가 지표 [Comprehensive ranking indicators – University rankings by the JoongAng Ilbo]. The JoongAng.Google Scholar
The JoongAng (2017b). Jungangilbo daehakpyeongga-daehakbyeol ripoteu 중앙일보 대학평가-대학별 리포트 (University rankings by the JoongAng-reports by college). The JoongAng.Google Scholar
The Korea Times (2011). Deaths at KAIST. The Korea Times, 8 April. www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2011/04/137_84816.html.Google Scholar
Yi, J., & Jeong, D. (2016). Daehagui yeongeo jeonyong gangui(English mediated instruction) sugangi haksaengui geullobeol yeongnyange michineun yeonghyang bunseok 대학의 영어전용강의 [English mediated instruction] 수강이 학생의 글로벌역량에 미치는 영향 분석 [An analysis of the effects of college English-medium instruction on students’ global capabilities]. The 10th KELS (Korean Education Longitudinal Study) Conference 제110회 한국교육종단연구 학술대회, Seoul National University, Korea, 25 November.Google Scholar
Yi, J., Yi, P., Seo, y., Na, M., Bak, S., & Yi, H. (2010). Godeung gyoyuk jaejeong jiwon saeop baljeon bangan yeongu 고등교육 재정지원사업 발전방안 연구 [A development plan of financial support projects for higher education].Google Scholar
Yi, S., & Go, N. (2011). Daehak pyeonggaui sidae, songmul jibaeui sidae 대학평가의 시대, 속물지배의 시대 [The era of university evaluation; the era of snobocracy]. Hankyoreh21, 5 October. http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/30526.html.Google Scholar
Yun, H. (2011). ‘Jasal daechaek’ gwaje mwonga … jeonmyeon yeongeo sueobe “sum makinda” ‘자살 대책’ 과제 뭔가 … 전면 영어수업에 “숨 막힌다” (What are the suicide prevention measures? Full-scale English-medium class are suffocating). The Kyunghyang Shinmun, 10 April. www.khan.co.kr/national/education/article/201104102135015.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×