Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-t6st2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-15T16:02:11.793Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

22 - EMI and Arabic in the UAE

from Part III - Teaching Academic Subjects through English Medium Instruction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 December 2025

Piotr Romanowski
Affiliation:
University of Warsaw
Get access

Summary

The global ascent of English as a medium of instruction (EMI) has sparked concerns about the potential erosion of local languages, in a process of “Englishisation” (Kirkpatrick, 2011). In the UAE, EMI is a cornerstone of higher education; furthermore, English has emerged as the preferred lingua franca in a nation where 85 per cent of the population hails from 100+ countries. This chapter delves into the resulting tension between English and Arabic (the local and regional language) within EMI contexts, scrutinising its impact on UAE higher education, sociolinguistic formations, and language policy. It explores future trajectories for EMI and Arabic, proposing strategies to integrate the two in institutional culture.

Information

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Al-Ajami, A. (2019). اللهجة البيضاء [The white dialect]. Al Noor Publishing.Google Scholar
Al-Bataineh, A. (2020). Language policy in higher education in the United Arab Emirates: Proficiency, choices and the future of Arabic. Language Policy 20(2), 215236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albirini, A. (2016). Modern Arabic sociolinguistics: Diglossia, variation, codeswitching, attitudes and identity. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Issa, A., & Dahan, L. (2011). Global English and endangered Arabic in the United Arab Emirates. In Al-Issa, A. & Dahan, L. (eds.), Global English and Arabic: Issues of language, culture, and identity. Peter Lang, pp. 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Issa, A., & Dahan, L. S. (2022). Language loss and the ELT professional: Advocating for additive bilingualism in the UAE. In Poteau, C. E. & Winkle, C. A. (eds.), Advocacy for social and linguistic justice in TESOL. Routledge, pp. 2754.Google Scholar
Al-Qassemi, S. (2022). English is gaining ground in the Arab world – at Arabic’s expense. The National (13 July). www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/2022/07/13/english-is-gaining-ground-in-the-arab-world-at-arabics-expense/.Google Scholar
Al-Suwaidi, J. S. (2018). United Arab Emirates society in the twenty-first century: Issues and challenges in a changing world. Zawyat AlmaarfehGoogle Scholar
Aoun, J., Benmamoun, E., & Choueiri, L. (2010). The syntax of Arabic. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baker, B. Palfreyman, D., Hiller, G., Poha, W. & Manu, Z. (2017). Biliteracy as policy in academic institutions. In Palfreyman, D. & Van der Walt, C. (eds.), Academic biliteracies: Multilingual repertoires in higher education. Multilingual Matters, pp. 308351.Google Scholar
Barnawi, O. Z. (2022). Branding in transnational English Medium Instruction-oriented universities in the Arabian Gulf: Implications for language policy. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics 8(1), 5872.Google Scholar
Belhiah, H., & Elhami, M. (2015). English as a medium of instruction in the Gulf: When students and teachers speak. Language Policy, 14(1), 323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benmamoun, E. (2000). The feature structure of functional categories: A comparative study of Arabic dialects. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAA (2019). Standards for institutional licensure and program accreditation. https://caa.ae/ACTIVITYDOCUMENTS/Session%207a%20Faculty%20and%20Professional%20Staff%20Rhys.pptx.Google Scholar
Calafato, R., & Tang, F. (2019). Multilingualism and gender in the UAE: A look at the motivational selves of Emirati teenagers. System 84, 133144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, K. S. (2022). Translanguaging for transformation. In Hopkyns, S. & Zoghbor, W. (eds.), Linguistic identities in the Arab Gulf states. Routledge, pp. 183197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ceplo, S., Bátora, J., Benkato, A., Milička, J., Pereira, C., & Zemánek, P. (2016). Mutual intelligibility of spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic, and Tunisian Arabic functionally tested: A pilot study. Folia Linguistica 50(2), 583628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chell, G., Mikkila-Erdmann, M., Iiskala, T., & Dillon, A. (2021). A comparative study of academic literacy in English Medium Instruction programs in UAE and Finland. Issues in Educational Research 31(1), 5675.Google Scholar
Dafouz, E., & Smit, U. (2016). Towards a dynamic conceptual framework for English-medium education in multilingual university settings. Applied Linguistics 37(3), 397415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dearden, J. (2014). English as a medium of instruction: A growing global phenomenon. British Council.Google Scholar
Findlow, S. (2006). Higher education and linguistic dualism in the Arab Gulf. British Journal of Sociology of Education 27(1), 1936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Findlow, S. (2008). Islam, modernity and education in the Arab States. Intercultural Education 19(4), 337352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García, O. (2009). Education, multilingualism and translanguaging in the 21st century. In Skutnabb-Kangas, T., Phillipson, R., Mohanty, A. K., & Panda, M. (eds.), Social justice through multilingual education. Multilingual Matters, pp. 140158.Google Scholar
Graddol, D. (1997). The future of English? A guide to forecasting the popularity of the English language in the 21st century. British Council.Google Scholar
HCT (n.d.a) Your dream career at Higher Colleges Of Technology. https://recruit.hct.ac.ae/WebForms/working_at_the_hct.aspx.Google Scholar
Hopkyns, S., & van den Hoven, M. (2022). Linguistic inclusion and exclusion on Abu Dhabi coronavirus signage. In Hopkyns, S. & Zoghbor, W. (eds.), Linguistic identities in the Arab Gulf states. Routledge, pp. 144164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkyns, S., Zoghbor, W., & Hassall, P. (2018). Creative hybridity over linguistic purity: The status of English in the United Arab Emirates. Asian Englishes 20(2), 158169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkyns, S., Zoghbor, W., & Hassall, P. (2021). The use of English and linguistic hybridity among Emirati millennials. World Englishes 40(2), 176190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarrah, A. M. (2020). Elementary schools mathematics and science teachers’ perspectives on using English as a medium of instruction. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8(4), 473482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, J., & Mauranen, A. (2019). Linguistic diversity on the EMI campus. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennetz, K., & Carroll, K. S. (2018). Language threat in the United Arab Emirates? Unpacking domains of language use. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 254, 165184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennetz, K., Litz, D., Riddlebarger, J., Tennant, L., Dickson, M., & Stringer, P. (2020). Placing elementary-school teachers at the vanguard of modernisation: Language use and emergent identity among English-medium teachers in the UAE. English in Education 54(1), 7492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, T. (2011). Internationalization or Englishization: Medium of instruction in today’s universities. Education University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Knoch, U., Rouhshad, A., Oon, S. P., & Storch, N. (2015). What happens to ESL students’ writing after three years of study at an English medium university? Journal of Second Language Writing 28, 3952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahmoud, A. (2000). Modern Standard Arabic vs. Non-Standard Arabic: Where do Arab students of EFL transfer from? Language Culture and Curriculum 13(2), 126136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masri, T. (2020). The EMI policy in UAE universities and its impact on Arab students’ identity and faith in their Academic Arabic. In Troudi, S. (ed.), Critical issues in teaching English and language education. Palgrave, pp. 6793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikecz Munday, Z. (2021). Adapting to transnational education: Students’ experiences at an American university in the UAE. Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: Gulf Perspectives 17(2), 121135.Google Scholar
Myhill, J. (2014). The effect of diglossia on literacy in Arabic and other languages. In Saiegh-Haddad, E. & Joshi, R. M. (eds.), Handbook of Arabic literacy. Springer, pp. 197223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palfreyman, D. M., & Habash, N. (eds.) (2022). Bilingual writers and corpus analysis. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palfreyman, D. M., & van der Walt, C. (eds.) (2017). Academic biliteracies. Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palfreyman, D. M., & Al-Bataineh, A. (2018). ‘This is my life style, Arabic and English’: Students’ attitudes to (trans)languaging in a bilingual university context. Language Awareness 27(1–2), 7995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qureshi, M. A. (2022). The age of exposure to English Medium Instruction, atypical contexts, and vocabulary knowledge in a second language. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research 10(1), 117.Google Scholar
Salama, S. (2017). UAE committed to preserving, promoting Arabic language. Gulf News (18 December). https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/uae-committed-to-preserving-promoting-arabic-language-1.2143198.Google Scholar
Sanderson, D. (2019). Hindi to become third language used in Abu Dhabi court system. The National (11 February). www.thenationalnews.com/uae/hindi-to-become-third-language-used-in-abu-dhabi-court-system-1.823494.Google Scholar
Seidlhofer, B. (2006). English as a lingua franca in the expanding circle: What it isn’t. In Rubdy, R. & Saraceni, M. (eds.), English in the world: Global rules, global roles. Continuum, pp. 4050.Google Scholar
Shafik, V. (2017). Arab cinema: History and cultural identity. American University of Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Siemund, P., Al‐Issa, A., & Leimgruber, J. R. (2021). Multilingualism and the role of English in the United Arab Emirates. World Englishes 40(2), 191204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soltan, U. (2007). On formal feature licensing in minimalism: Aspects of standard Arabic morphosyntax. PhD diss. University of Maryland.Google Scholar
Spees, C. M. (1991). Knowledge of medical terminology among clients and families. Image: the Journal of Nursing Scholarship 23(4), 225230.Google ScholarPubMed
Taha-Thomure, H. (2022). No Mary Poppins in sight: Linguistic effects of the nanny culture on Gulf identities. In Hopkyns, S. & Zoghbor, W. (eds.), Linguistic identities in the Arab Gulf states. Routledge, pp. 5266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, S. (2021). English in the United Arab Emirates. World Englishes 42(2), 344370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tibi, S., & McLeod, L. (2014). The development of young children’s Arabic language and literacy in the United Arab Emirates. In Saiegh-Haddad, E. & Joshi, R. M. (eds.), Handbook of Arabic literacy. Springer, pp. 303321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toffolo, C. E. (2008). The Arab league. Infobase Publishing.Google Scholar
World Population Review (2020). Arab Countries 2020. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.Google Scholar
UAEU (2020). Application procedures, requirements and deadlines. www.uaeu.ac.ae/en/admission/studentexchange/application.shtml.Google Scholar
UAEU (2022). History & key achievements. www.uaeu.ac.ae/en/about/uaeuhistory.shtml.Google Scholar
van den Hoven, M., & Carroll, K. S. (2021). English‐medium policy and English conversational patterns in the UAE. World Englishes 40(2), 205218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Walt, C. (2020). Where are the new languages? A critical look at the ecology metaphor in language studies. Journal of Multilingual Theories and Practices 1(1), 125148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies 30(6), 10241054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, B. A. (2022). Exploring language and cultural disconnects: Learning from BSW students and faculty within an English as a Medium of Instruction environment. Journal of Social Work in the Global Community 6(1), 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wanphet, P., & Tantawy, N. (2018). Effectiveness of the policy of English as a medium of instruction: Perspectives and outcomes from the instructors and students of university science courses at a university in the UAE. Educational Research for Policy and Practice 17(2), 145172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wingate, U. (2018). Academic literacy across the curriculum: Towards a collaborative instructional approach. Language Teaching, 51(3), 349364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank (2022). Literacy rate: United Arab Emirates. data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=AE.Google Scholar
Zoghbor, W. (2009). The implications of the LFC for the Arab context. IATEFL: Pronunciation Special Interest Group Newsletter 41, 2529.Google Scholar
Zoghbor, W. S. (2018a). Teaching English pronunciation to multi-dialect first language learners: The revival of the Lingua Franca Core (LFC). System 78, 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zoghbor, W. (2018b). Revisiting English as a foreign language (EFL) vs English lingua franca (ELF): The case for pronunciation. Intellectual Discourse 26(2), 829858.Google Scholar
Zoghbor, W. (2023). Negotiating the Arabic and English space in UAE higher education: The ownership of English in English-medium instruction context. In Wyatt, W & El-Gamal, G. (eds), English as a Medium of Instruction on the Arabian Peninsula: Where do we go from here? Routledge, pp. 89111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zoghbor, W., & AlQahtani, M. (2022). Unifying multiple identities through Arabic varieties: An analysis of Arabic dialects in Kawaja Abdulqader’s discourse. In Hopkyns, S. & Zoghbor, W. (eds.), Linguistic identities in the Arab Gulf states. Routledge, pp. 105125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×