The chapter investigates the conflict between emerging “schools” of environmental thought in the 1960s and 1970s, focusing on Buckminster Fuller’s techno-optimist, libertarian environmentalism and its influence on today’s floating city concepts, like the UN-backed project in Busan. It addresses the questions of why and how Buckminster Fuller’s bright green environmentalism—blending ecological design with market-driven innovation—clashed with the technocritical, governmental reform-oriented dark green environmentalism of US officials and public intellectuals. Analyzing three cases, the chapter argues that these conflicts with dark green environmentalists demonstrated a lack of social acceptance for floating urban structures in US society due to Fuller’s libertarian views, aesthetic issues, pollution concerns, and limited governmental control over oceanic space. The chapter also highlights the lasting impact of Fuller’s ideas through the Whole Earth network and countercultural movements. The chapter contends that governmental and intergovernmental support for floating settlement ideas has grown since the 2010s, shaped by reemerging bright green environmentalist ideas.

This volume has been put together to celebrate the many ways that Pam Peters has shaped linguistics in Australia and internationally over the course of her distinguished career. In particular, it honours her contributions as an authority on the usage of Englishes around the world. The Epilogue focuses on the studies in sections 2 and 3 of this volume which present data on the variability of usage across diverse language communities. The range of research featured demonstrates the profound influence Peters’ work has had and will continue to have into the future.

This chapter details how a developmental intergroup approach enhances our understanding of youths’ perceptions of ethnic and racial discrimination. Although youth social groups differ in many important ways, there are many important similarities in how group-based discrimination impacts children and youth. Examining the similarities and differences across different types of social groups can lead to important insights that would not be achieved by studying each group in isolation. Thus, taking a domain-general approach to the study of discrimination, I highlight some important findings related to the perceptions and consequences, of discrimination, paying particular attention to contextual variations and individual differences. I finish the chapter with a discussion of the implications for interventions and practice, as well as suggestions for future research.

This chapter seeks to examine and further clarify the relationship between two main conceptual approaches to causality in psychiatric research: counterfactual and mechanistic. The author suggests that psychiatry may pose some relatively unique challenges for causal inference not shared with other branches of medicine. At their core, counterfactual approaches ask “what if” questions while mechanistic approaches ask “how” questions. The chapter also seeks to evaluate the Russo-Williamson Thesis for psychiatric research, which argues that causal inference requires evidence of counterfactual and mechanistic causal effects, by examining three research papers that examine causal effects on psychiatric disorders. Two of these are from epidemiological samples and employ counterfactual methods, and one is from molecular genetics and molecular neuroscience and utilizes a mechanistic approach. Kendler argues that these two methods are complementary and often mutually reinforcing. In particular, the demonstration of counterfactual evidence of causation naturally raises the question of how such an effect occurs at a mechanistic level. However, the author suggest that the Russo-Williamson Thesis is too high a threshold for psychiatry and that, in at least some cases, high-quality counterfactual evidence can be actionable.

Social inequalities refer to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among social groups. Inequalities are characterized by systematic access disparities in various aspects of life, such as income, education, healthcare, and social status. When individuals attribute social disparities to a lack of individual effort, despite evidence of systemic biases, discriminatory attitudes can result in denying access to opportunities for certain segments of the population. Developmental scientists have studied the origins of conceptions about social inequalities in everyday contexts. We review research on children’s awareness of social inequalities, their responses to social disparities, and the role of peer and authority influences on children’s evaluations of social inequalities. Factors discussed include the sociopolitical system, children’s ethnic and racial background, and their own socioeconomic status. Finally, we describe intervention programs designed to reduce biases and promote positive intergroup attitudes and how identity influences one’s perspective about the broader societal landscape.

Chapter 12 extends the material from Chapters 8 to 10 to the production of an efficient literature review, including transitioning from critical reading and analysis to writing, curating an ecosystem of references, mapping the literature review process, and ultimately transforming a literature review into the introduction of a research paper. This chapter begins by outlining the transition from paper analysis to writing synthesis, highlighting techniques for integrating CERIC findings into coherent written work. It explores how CERIC can be applied in crafting annotated bibliographies and comprehensive literature reviews, detailing methods for finding and organizing relevant research using CERIC reviews and keywords. This chapter also introduces strategies for mapping the literature review ecosystem, which aids in identifying connections and gaps in existing research. Advanced techniques discussed include writing reviews in plain language, effective paraphrasing, and other strategies for the ethical construction of literature reviews.

The chapter explores multi-species interactions between humans and marine life. Mariculture (marine organism farming) has experienced a gigantic global production increase since the mid-twentieth century. The chapter addresses the questions of why and how mariculture-related coevolution between humans and marine species has aimed to reorient coastal marine food webs towards human consumption. The argument of the chapter is that the construction of floating mariculture structures—or new dual-habitat structures for marine species and humans—facilitated human access to submerged habitats, enabling large biomass concentration. The new plastic structures of the Age of Oil were designed to vertically integrate two habitats, each located on one side of the sea surface. They intentionally simplified and localized the previously complex interactions within marine ecosystems. The process of Japanese mariculture pioneers designing these new dual-habitat structures after WWII was also encouraged and inhibited by multiple social and environmental problems, including food security, land reclamation destroying nursery grounds, petrochemical pollution, overfertilization, and coastal overfishing.

Since the Chaldean epoch in Mesopotamia, the challenging phenomenon of the phases of the Moon has raised the interest of astronomers, even more than the motion of the Sun. Many ancient calendars, including Chaldean’s, were either lunar or luni-solar ones [21]; they were indeed based on the lunar period, or on attempts to find a reasonable compromise between the annual period of the Sun, actually the seasons, and the cycles of the Moon.

In his chapter, Kenneth Kendler succinctly explains some difficult-to-understand philosophical concepts and then shows how they can be used to illuminate psychiatric research and practice. The concepts he explains are those relating to causality, specifically the contrast between counterfactual and mechanistic approaches.

I have, for many decades, read widely and deeply within the rich corpus of descriptive psychopathology. It has enriched my appreciation of the variations of the syndromes in psychiatry that we diagnose, study, and attempt to treat. It has helped me develop interview assessments used in a wide variety of psychiatric genetic studies, from family to twin, high-density pedigree, and now Genome-Wide Association Study case–control studies. I have taught two generations of psychiatric residents on the importance of this tradition and our need to know our rich descriptive inheritance. My teachings have been met with substantial (but not universal) appreciation. I have served on various DSM committees from DSM-III-R onward and tried to use my psychopathological expertise to improve our nosology, in part by increasing the empirical rigor of the evaluation for change using the concept of validators.

A 5-year-old boy with history of childhood speech and motor delay is referred to the neurology clinic for “abnormal gait.” His mother reports he has always been “clumsy” and a slower runner than other kids his age. However, over the last 3 years he has been slowly worsening, and he has recently started falling and having difficulty walking up the stairs or rising from a chair. Over the past year his parents have noticed he has difficulty lifting things over his head. He says sometimes his calves hurt after walking.

Chapter 2 describes the historical development of modern scientific argumentation in the Toulmin et al. (1984) model. It describes the model’s strengths and weaknesses, leading to an overview of traditional and evidence-based reading strategies. Next, this chapter introduces the CERIC Method, an evidence-based form of categorical reading that allows readers to break down a research article into its five main components of argumentation: Claim, Evidence, Reasoning, Implications, and Context. It explores the potential benefits of enhancing reading comprehension of research articles by providing a structured approach to engaging with and analyzing research literature.