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This gentle introduction to the most important techniques in natural language processing uses a unified mathematical and algorithmic framework and gradually increases in complexity. Topics covered range from n-gram language models to large language models (LLMs), from perceptron to deep learning, from text classification to structured prediction (e.g., sequence labelling, segmentation, and parsing) and generation, and from discrete representation to neural representation of linguistics structures. This book provides a comprehensive overview of NLP, making it ideal for upper undergraduate and graduate students in computer science and a valuable reference for researchers and engineers. Exercises of varying difficulty are provided as well as teaching slides and tutorial videos. The new edition features three new chapters on pre-trained language models and large language models as well as a new preliminary chapter overviewing data and model as a framework for NLP methods.
Spanning the full AI Ph.D. journey, this practical guide offers clear, realistic, and action oriented advice for success. Designed as an end-to-end guide, the book leads readers from finding a research problem to experimentation, writing, conferences, and the final defense. Readers learn how to partner effectively with advisors, run productive meetings, and navigate review and rejection with confidence. The book provides guidance on responsible AI research and using LLMs effectively while safeguarding scientific integrity. The final stages of the PhD receive explicit focus, with advice on shaping publications into a coherent dissertation, preparing for the defense, and responding to examiners. This guide extends beyond graduation, exploring career paths in academia, industry, and the public sector while emphasizing transferable skills and strategic decisions. Ideal for Ph.D. students in AI and machine learning, as well as those considering starting a PhD, this book provides actionable advice that clarifies next steps and accelerates progress.
This book makes a bold but crucial claim: storytelling is not an embellishment to medical knowledge-it is the engine that drives it. Evidence becomes meaningful only when it is framed and interpreted within existing stories. Focusing on reproductive health, Beyond the Bedside explores diverse understandings of medical evidence in relation to some of today's most contested topics, including embryo selection in IVF, puberty blockers for transgender youth and abortion care. Across these cases, the authors reveal how identical evidence can lead to starkly different syntheses, guidelines, and public positions, depending on the narratives into which it is woven. Introducing the concept of deep knowledge translation, the book offers a new way of analysing how evidence moves across research, clinical practice, policy, law, and public debate. It shows why medical controversies persist and how understanding narrative dynamics can transform the way we produce and use knowledge. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
An ethical approach to religion tries to make sense of religious claims in terms of values shared by religious and secular people alike. In From Idolatry to Holiness, Samuel Fleischaker contributes to that project by providing an ethical framework for understanding the purpose of Jewish law (halakha). He begins by interpreting idolatry as self-worship, and explores the idea, advocated by Moses Maimonides, that Jewish law aims at curing people of idolatry. Though he endorses aspects of this idea, Fleischacker criticizes Maimonides and his modern followers for having an alienating and remote conception of God and a thin conception of the purpose of human life. He then uses ideas gleaned from Immanuel Kant, Søren Kierkegaard, and Martin Heidegger to provide a richer conception of God and of our lives. Halakha does not just free us of self-worship, Fleischacker concludes. Rather, it enables us to experience the presence of God-holiness-in everything around us.
In the years leading up to the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, women's organizations recognized colleges and universities as potential protest spaces and students as essential recruits in engaging young people's support for gender equality. How these movements continued to organize on campuses in the following decades is told for the first time in this important book. While youth activism in the 1960s and 1970s has been examined in detail, Kelly Marino fills a gap in the scholarship by focusing on the understudied 'interwave' years. She analyzes the legacy of the suffrage movement in modern America and shows why greater fragmentation emerged among women's rights activists later in the century. For scholars and students of women's history, education history, modern American history, gender studies, and political science, Marino offers a fuller understanding of women's suffrage and its impact on higher education, society, government, and culture.
The intervention of States in legal proceedings touches upon some of the most beguiling questions in international dispute settlement. These include questions of treaty interpretation, obligations erga omnes, the sources of judicial power and rulemaking, the nature of incidental proceedings, the Monetary Gold doctrine of indispensable parties, cross-fertilization between judicial and arbitral bodies, and principles of jurisdiction, party autonomy, and res judicata. As jurists and scholars tend to address these questions in isolation, however, each development in third-State practice has raised unimagined issues of first impression-such as the 2022 declarations of dozens of States exploring mass intervention before the International Court of Justice in Ukraine v. Russia, and the participation of neighbouring States without China's presence in the 2016 South China Sea arbitration. By applying conceptual, comparative, and historical approaches to international justice, this book instead offers a uniquely holistic assessment of the practice and prospective development of intervention.
This book delivers an in-depth doctrinal analysis of the right to science under Article 15 ICESCR, focusing on the novel concept of its core content, as well as on its rights holders and duty bearers. Monika Plozza challenges the entrenched dichotomy between economic, social and cultural rights on the one hand and civil and political rights on the other, demonstrating that the right to science is fully justiciable. Situating it within the wider framework of international human rights law, she traces its connections with a broad range of related rights. In doing so, this book equips scholars, practitioners, and policymakers with the legal tools needed to invoke and implement the right to science in judicial and policy contexts. Timely and rigorous, it establishes the right to science as a vital legal framework for confronting global challenges ranging from climate change and disinformation to artificial intelligence. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Research in computing requires more than just understanding methodology, it demands practical skills in formulating questions, designing studies, analyzing data, and communicating findings. This book guides you through the complete research process using scaffolded, AI-assisted activities that have been classroom-tested with over 100 research students. Each chapter addresses a core competency: discovering your research interests, developing rigorous research questions, designing robust studies, conducting data analysis, practicing peer review, and mastering technical communication. You will learn to leverage AI as a tool throughout the research process while developing the critical thinking essential to quality scholarship. The pedagogical approach emphasizes active learning through structured activities with step-by-step guidance, making the book an indispensable resource for undergraduate and graduate research methods courses, as well as for independent study by computing professionals entering research.
Throughout the greater Mediterranean world, the remains of Roman monuments can be found in cities and rural areas, displaying the range of architectural imagination and engineering prowess of the Roman Empire. This volume offers a comprehensive overview of architecture throughout the Roman realm. Providing historical context as it relates to key monuments, Fikret Yegül and Diane Favro explore Roman building construction and technology and emphasize how much the Roman architectural tradition owes to the achievements and traditions of indigenous peoples across three continents, leading to an insightful understanding of the concept of 'Romanization.' They also examine architecture in rural environments and buildings for all social classes and genders, while investigating how events and policies, as well as available technologies and materials, shaped design and the built environment. Clearly written and richly illustrated with over 400 images, this book offers a multi-dimensional overview of the Roman built environment and its unique architectural vision and perspective.
The first comprehensive study of vernacular English literature from medieval Ireland, this volume explores a rich yet until now relatively neglected body of work within Ireland's literary heritage. Revealing the strikingly important place occupied by Middle English in the story of Ireland's literary production, Caoimhe Whelan reveals interactions between Gaelic and English in colonial Ireland and the wider English empire, opening a new perspective on the tradition of writing in English in Ireland. Engaging in close analysis of original manuscript sources, she situates texts in their various historical, literary and cultural contexts and presents literary scholars and historians with a new way of understanding medieval colonial writing in the English lordship of Ireland.
Perceptual Dialectology (PD) is the study of non-linguists' beliefs about language variation and its spatial distribution. This book provides a concise introduction to PD, covering the foundational assumptions and scholarly theories that inform it, such as sociolinguistics, human geography, and social psychology. It addresses the key strategies and best practices for the design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of PD research, such as the effects of bias, macro/micro social categories, use of interviews, and data analysis. It approaches the analysis of metalinguistic commentary through an exploration of the frameworks that assign meaning to language objects, and also includes a summary of the history and roots of PD, allowing readers to understand how PD intersects with both 'old' and 'new' ways of exploring sociolinguistic questions. Providing the tools to carry out their own research, it is ideal for researchers and students looking for a one-stop overview of this growing field.
Is the Arctic destined for conflict, or can cooperation prevail? This timely book explores the complex interplay of security, geography, and regions in the Arctic. Moving beyond simplistic narratives of geopolitical rivalry, it offers a nuanced, multilevel analysis of state security practices, foreign policies, and regional cooperation across distinct subregions. Challenging conventional notions of 'regions' and re-evaluating the role of geographic proximity, it provides fresh insights into how states engage with their neighbours. It also explores the enduring relevance of geography in international relations, demonstrating how the concept of an 'Arctic region' can be a powerful framework but also rests on some false assumptions. Essential for scholars, students, and policymakers, Arctic Geopolitics reshapes our understanding of security dynamics in the Arctic and beyond. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.