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The 2010–2011 Arab uprisings constituted a wake-up call to authoritarian regimes. In this book, Engy Moussa demonstrates how the multifaceted changes affecting the market for security, particularly the booming privatization of security, were central to authoritarian survival across the region. By investigating the privatization of security since 2011, Moussa argues that this phenomenon is deeply influenced by regime security and interests, with serious political ramifications. At times, it fails to support democratization efforts. In other cases, it endorses authoritarian consolidation through advanced co-optation and repression, and expansive patrimonial networks. Recognizing the global growth of private security, this innovative work pushes beyond the Arab region and generates an analytical framework to study the manifestations and impact of security market reconfigurations across cases. By comparing Tunisia and Egypt, Moussa shows how post-uprisings outcomes depend on key generalized factors interacting with unique local dynamics amidst an evolving, unpredictable and hardly controlled process.
This Companion examines the relationship between philosophy and literature. It shows how philosophy, like literature, aims to transform its reader. It maps four shared terrains—Truth, Value, Form, and Being-to show how philosophical argument and literary imagination illuminate one another. Written by leading scholars, this Companion ranges from ethics, politics, and law to fiction, film, question, metaphor, and literature's power to shape a life. Historically informed and forward-looking, it offers an accessible guide to a vibrant interdisciplinary field, demonstrating how philosophy and literature together make real, existential claims on how we think, read, and live.
The Cambridge History of Mythology and Mythography offers a comprehensive overview of the history, theory, and practice of mythic analysis. From antiquity to the present day, and from the Americas to Africa, Eurasia, and Oceania, it demonstrates how mythic traditions have played a seminal role in a variety of cultures and civilizations. It also traces the origins and earliest expression of various mythic traditions, their similarities and differences, mutual influences, and their evolution. In addition, this History explores the key roles that literary figures, oral traditionalists, ethnologists, and cinematographers have played in collecting, cataloguing, interpreting, and reinterpreting the mythic traditions. It demonstrates how their work has influenced the transmission and perception of those traditions and enables an appreciation of the similarities and differences between mythological traditions. This comprehensive reference volume also brings an inter- and multi-disciplinary perspective to the topic, revealing how the interaction of various approaches contributes to the study of mythology across the world.
Focusing on mixed-effects models, this book offers a comprehensive guide to analysing experiments across diverse fields, including behavioural, agricultural, and medical sciences. The text opens with a traditional analysis of variance and then ranges from linear fixed-effects models to generalised linear mixed-effects models. It covers the most common experimental designs, such as factorial, hierarchical, between-subject, within-subject, cross-over, two-factor mixed, and split-plot designs, before studying analysis of covariance, models with group-specific error variances and models for repeated-measures analysis. Frequently drawing on real-life experiments, the book offers 69 examples and 134 exercises. Readers are supported with digital supplements, comprising the solutions to exercises, the datasets and R code and SAS code for all examples requiring software computation. This is an essential resource for students, practitioners conducting experiments and applied statisticians wishing to use mixed-effects models for the analysis of experiments.
How did the ancient Greeks understand their many gods, and how were those understandings shaped through material acts of worship? Tulsi Parikh explores Archaic Greek religion through the practice of votive offering, treating objects not as passive reflections of belief but as active instruments of religious thought. Through votive gifts, ranging from everyday objects to carefully crafted dedications, worshippers negotiated the uncertain boundary between human and divine, defining divine power, presence, and otherness through material choice. Drawing on archaeological evidence from over twenty sanctuaries across Greece, the book reveals how local, regional, and interregional patterns of dedication expressed diverse yet interconnected theologies. Moving beyond long-standing models of chaos versus order in Greek polytheism, it foregrounds lived religious experience and shows how belief, cognition, and divine relationships were materially produced. The result is a fresh, material-based religious history of Archaic Greece-one written through things. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
What is martyrdom-the concept of dying voluntarily for religious convictions-and how has it evolved within and between the Abrahamic faiths from antiquity to the present? Shmuel Shepkaru's study focuses on the phraseology, practice, and purposes of martyrdom as described by martyrs and in martyrologies. He demonstrates that, following their formative periods, these three aspects continued to develop, taking on new meanings, behaviors, and functions. Major catalysts for these changes across the three faiths include both local and 'global' events, ranging from the conflicts between Christendom and the rise of Islam in the Middle Ages, to the emergence of nationalism and colonialism in the modern era. Shepkaru illustrates how each faith relates the new to the old, and examines the complex positive and negative interactions-and counterreactions-that continue to shape their concepts of self-sacrifice. Balancing social and theological history, he considers spiritual, cultural, political, local, regional, and global factors, along with convergence and divergence in ideology, narration, and practice.
Infrastructures, such as the roads that connect our cities and the water mains that deliver to our homes, serve as the backbone of society. This book investigates how policymakers can improve infrastructure procurement in the face of strategic behavior and incomplete information. Focusing on Public-Private Partnership (PPP), the book develops a theoretical framework for modeling contracts that avoid corruption and unnecessary renegotiation. The book employs tools from mechanism design, principal agent theory, and restless bandits to address possible challenges in PPPs, offering comprehensive examples of how to design models to leverage insights in real-world scenarios. The book also examines the limits of incentive design and scenarios where its power is limited. Readers will be able to directly apply these models to their research and practice and use the theories and techniques presented in the book to build their own models and inventive solutions for complex PPP problems.
The Cambridge History of Mythology and Mythography offers a comprehensive overview of the history, theory, and practice of mythic analysis. From antiquity to the present day, and from the Americas to Africa, Eurasia, and Oceania, it demonstrates how mythic traditions have played a seminal role in a variety of cultures and civilizations. It also traces the origins and earliest expression of various mythic traditions, their similarities and differences, mutual influences, and their evolution. In addition, this History explores the key roles that literary figures, oral traditionalists, ethnologists, and cinematographers have played in collecting, cataloguing, interpreting, and reinterpreting the mythic traditions. It demonstrates how their work has influenced the transmission and perception of those traditions and enables an appreciation of the similarities and differences between mythological traditions. This comprehensive reference volume also brings an inter- and multi-disciplinary perspective to the topic, revealing how the interaction of various approaches contributes to the study of mythology across the world.
This is an important new study of Chinese discourses on war and peace from the end of the First World War to the death of Mao Zedong. Exploring these discourses and how they changed over this period, Elisabeth Forster focusses, in particular, on jus ad bellum and the question of whether it was just to start a war. She proceeds from the observation that, while many of China's successive and competing governments claimed that China was inherently peaceful, the peacefulness claim contrasts with the many wars China has waged or threatened. She examines the logic of China's peacefulness claim, whether China developed a unique discourse on war and peace or was part of broader global conversations, and what we can learn from China about the global project to create world peace in the twentieth century and, especially, about that project's failure.
The second Silk Roads Era, c.400–1000 CE, was a transformative period in world history. In this engaging holistic analysis, Craig Benjamin explores the developments that made it possible. Utilizing an extensive range of sources, he explores the consequences of Islamic expansion and the gripping contest that ensued between Chinese, Turkic, Tibetan and Muslim armies. Readers follow the generals who fought for control of Inner Asia, travels with the Sogdian and Muslim caravans that traversed challenging land routes, and voyages on sturdy commercial vessels that sailed enormous distances across the Indian Ocean Basin. The study also highlights two key events of the mid-eighth century, the Battle of Talas and the An Lushan Rebellion, which had devastating consequences. Benjamin demonstrates how this history still resonates in the region today, and how much the past continues to shape the present and future of our world.
This book focuses on the lives and circumstances of clerics' wives and female partners in western Europe in the four centuries before 1200 – that is, before 'celibacy' (singleness and sexual continence) became an expectation for churchmen in major orders. In the first and only book to center on clerics' wives and women across Europe, archival evidence reveals what has until now been a virtually unknown category of medieval woman: women married to, or living with, bishops, priests, or other clerics. Throughout, case studies establish a concrete historical record of individual clerical female partners, dramatically increasing the number of known clerics' wives and women, and highlighting the types of sources and contexts that are most likely to preserve evidence for their presence and activities. In so doing, the book challenges not only the presumed “invisibility” of these women in medieval sources, but also the idea that their presence was deemed scandalous or out of place within the surrounding community.
Jack Boss's third book on the most famous member of the 'second Viennese School', this work offers an intriguing revisionist history of Schoenberg's early music. It provides close readings of six pieces from Op. 1 to Op. 9, illustrated by detailed motivic analyses as well as Schenkerian graphs, to show how tonality and motive work together to project the 'musical idea,' and how Schoenberg's tonal style gradually became more dissonant, leading to atonality. Boss's earlier books argued that the atonal and twelve-tone works were part of a consistent development tied together by the expression of a common narrative-the conflict, elaboration, and resolution of what Schoenberg himself called the 'idea.' This book completes the circle by showing that the early, tonal works also project musical idea narratives. It justifies Schoenberg's preference for setting music to text early in his career, by showing how his chosen texts helped shape these narratives of conflict and resolution.
Older than the pyramids, Sumerian was used in ancient Mesopotamia (Southern Iraq). It is probably the world's first written language, and survives on clay tablets in the cuneiform script, dating from c.3000 BCE to the beginning of the Common Era. It abounds in simple inscriptions, ideal for beginners, but also boasts a wealth of more advanced writings, such as fascinating mythological poetry. This comprehensive textbook equips students to read the full range of texts – including the special variety of the language known as Emesal. Drawing on the authors' experience in the classroom, it uses intuitive terminology and also makes extensive use of diagrams, which unravel the language's structures in an easy-to-learn way. The examples and readings are all taken from original sources. The learning journey is further supported by exercises (with key), a full sign list and glossary, and online recordings with 'approximate pronunciations'.