In this chapter, we explain how to estimate the prediction error of a regression model. The training error (the average of the squared residuals) under-estimates the prediction error. Instead, we use cross-validation that involves separating the data into one part for fitting the model and one part for estimating the prediction error. We can use the estimated prediction error to choose among a set of possible regression models.

No act better distilled the two faces of independence – its aspirations and disappointments – than the act of going to school. This chapter examines the expansion of schooling, and its inherent precarity, in the first decades after independence. Relying heavily on local sources and oral histories, this chapter focuses on the lived and affective experiences of students. It argues that repeated assurances by the state that schooling held the key to a better future consistently jarred with the experience of most school-goers. So palpable were these schooling pressures, that in the early 1960s, Western psychiatrists identified a new, regionally specific mental disorder, Brain Fag [fatigue] Syndrome, to account for the stress students experienced. The rapid, but uneven, expansion of schooling indicated who was excluded from the larger development project of the nation.

Chapter 3 focuses on a small number of letters from Keats to his poet-friend John Hamilton Reynolds written in the first few months of their friendship, in late 1817 and early 1818. As aspiring young poets, Reynolds and Keats developed a close, competitive-collaborative friendship in which the exchange of letters played an important part. The chapter examines the ways in which some of the main tenets of Keats’s conceptual or theoretical sense of both letter-writing and literary criticism arose out of the interchange of letters with a poet with whom he actively collaborated. Through a reading of Keats’s commentary on the power of Shakespeare’s poems and plays, the chapter argues that letter-writing is intrinsically collaborative, and that in his letters to Reynolds, Keats also emphasizes the collaborative or corresponding quality of both literature and literary criticism.

This chapter covers the detailed immunophenotype of AML with DEK::NUP214 fusion. Different immunophenotypic subtypes (myeloid, myelomonocytic, and monocytic) are discussed. We focus on CD34-positive myeloblasts and describe the expression status and intensity of key markers.

Focusing on the ‘keeping’ and ‘cure’ of frantic persons, Chapter 5 explores the ideational link between ‘reason’ and ‘rule’ which – in the minds of contemporaries – justified these interventions. If the ‘ruling faculties’ of the human mind were impaired, this merited the placement of the affected individual under the ‘rule’ of others. If the subject was an adult male, the result was a rapid and often chaotic reshuffling of power relations within the home and the wider community. Looking at how householders, parishioners, physicians, mayors, and local magistrates responded to frenzy, this chapter shows how the ideas explored in Chapters 1–3 changed the lives of those who received the diagnosis. It suggests that, if the high premium placed on the faculty of the ‘reason’ served to shore up the rigidly hierarchical order of social relations which obtained in early modern England (encompassing rank, age, gender, and species), frenzy exposed the fragility of that same order.

The concept of the Dominican liturgical ‘exemplar’ is the subject of Chapter 2. The Dominican exemplar was undoubtedly modelled on an earlier exemplar from the Cistercian order (now Dijon, Bibliothèque municipale, 114). Comparing the Dominican exemplar to its Cistercian predecessor, it is evident that the two are similar in both content and presentation. Nevertheless, the Dominicans took the concept further: they made several copies of their exemplar rather than just one, and, instead of merely documenting the liturgy, the Dominican exemplars supplied the models for fourteen types of books required for performing the liturgy. Three exemplars survive: the oldest, Rome, Santa Sabina, XIV L 1; a copy used by the master of the order, London, British Library, Add. 23935; and a copy made for the Dominican province of Spain, Salamanca, San Esteban, SAL.–CL.01. Each manuscript is described individually, outlining the dating, known provenance, and current physical state.

The chapter describes a case of a 28-year-old female brought in by her boyfriend, who reports that the patient had a seizure. The patient is drowsy but arousable to painful stimuli and has vomitus on her clothes. The primary survey reveals dry and cool skin, normal capillary refill, and tachypnea. The patient is diagnosed with intentional tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) toxicity after admitting to taking a large number of pills. The critical actions include administering IV fluids, obtaining an EKG, alkalizing the serum, and managing TCA-induced seizures. The chapter provides pearls on the treatment of TCA toxicity, including the use of crystalloid fluids for hypotension and the greatest risk of seizures and arrhythmias occurring within the first 6−8 hours after ingestion.

This is a case of unstable bradycardia secondary to digoxin toxicity. Important early actions include administering IV fluids, IV atropine, treating for electrolyte abnormalities, obtaining serial EKGs and digoxin level, and treating with digoxin-specific antibody fragments. The candidate should not wait for digoxin level to treat with digoxin-specific FAB. Diagnosis should be made based off of clinical exam, history, and initial EKG. Digoxin toxicity can lead to life-threatening abnormalities in heart conduction. A classic visual complaint is xanthopsia, in which objects appear yellow/green. The candidate should initially cast a broad differential to exclude causes of altered mental status such as hypoglycemia, hypoxia, stroke, myocardial infarction, electrolyte abnormalities and infection. A thorough history should elicit her current medications, including digoxin, and a level should be ordered. As the case progresses the patient becomes increasingly unstable, bradycardic and hypotensive. The patient will not improve if digoxin-specific FAB is not administered despite attempting to correct hypovolemia and electrolyte disturbances and giving atropine and transcutaneous cardiac pacing. If the patient is transcutaneously paced, she will develop bidirectional ventricular tachycardia.

This chapter describes a case of a 7-month-old male who was brought to the emergency department after being found unresponsive and not breathing by his mother. The patient was cyanotic and limp, and CPR was initiated by EMS. The chapter outlines the PALS resuscitation protocol, including advanced airway, chest compressions, and addressing reversible causes of cardiac arrest. The patient was pronounced dead after significant and adequate resuscitation, and the family was provided with psychosocial support. The diagnosis was sudden unexpected death in infancy, and blood and urine were collected for postmortem testing. The chapter provides important information on the management of pediatric cardiac arrest and the importance of offering support to families in the event of sudden infant death.

In this introductory chapter, we lay out the key problem of climate policy. We provide compelling evidence that the low-carbon transition is already underway and that it will boost economic growth, but it will do so at the expense of social and financial challenges. We summarise what the traditional approach is getting wrong in the economics of climate change. We demonstrate this by exploring the current trajectory of technology, the current pace of transformation, and the many green technologies crossing cost parity with brown counterparts. We discuss what the economic impacts that the transformation is likely to have, accelerating growth while creating new inequalities and vulnerabilities in the economy. We then ask questions regarding what climate policy must achieve.

This chapter covers initial diagnosis of B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and measurable disease detection (MRD) post therapy by flow cytometry. The classic and variant immunophenotypic features of B-ALL are illustrated, correlated with molecular genetic characteristics, and summarized in a genotype-phenotype table. The key features are provided in the differential diagnosis of B-ALL with aberrant MPO versus mixed B/myeloid acute leukemia (MPAL), as well as B-ALL with a mature phenotype versus high grade B cell lymphoma. Under B-ALL MRD detection, the common immunophenotypic alterations are demonstrated by comparing them to normal immature B cells (hematogones). Strategies for MRD detection post targeted therapy are also discussed. The pros and cons of flow cytometry MRD are compared with molecular MRD, including NGS sequencing (Clonoseq) and BCR::ABL1 quantitative PCR. The challenges, including loss of lineage markers, lineage switch, and normal mimics, are discussed and illustrated under diagnostic pitfalls.

The goal of this chapter is to help you understand how to optimally present data. The chapter draws heavily on three sources to which we refer readers for more details. For the presentation of data in the form of tables, Andrew Ehrenberg’s A Primer in Data Reduction (2007) contains much good sound advice. For the use of figures, William Cleveland’s The Elements of Graphing Data (1994) is a style guide that is required reading for anyone considering using a graph, from the most junior undergraduate to the most experienced researcher. Good advice is also available in the works of Tufte (2001) as well as in the APA Manual (American Psychological Association, 2019).