This chapter focuses on the law relating to sovereign territory. The concepts of territory and of territorial sovereignty are examined. The manner in which additional territory may be acquired is analysed. Mechanisms such as boundary treaties and boundary awards are noted, and then the methods of acquisition are discussed. These include an analysis of discovery, accretion, cession, the former use of force and conquest, and the exercise of effective control, including occupation of terra nullius and prescription. The impact of the concepts of the critical date and intertemporal law is noted. Attention then turns to the role of subsequent conduct, such as recognition, acquiescence and estoppel. The principles of territorial integrity and of self-determination in this context are then discussed, together with the doctrine of uti possidetis, both as to the colonial context and more generally. The role of subsequent practice is noted and the importance of sovereign effective control in the circumstances (‘effectivités’). The chapter continues by noting the relevance of leases and servitudes, then turns to international boundary rivers, and then the polar regions. The chapter concludes with a section on the law of outer space.

This chapter covers the immunophenotypic features of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with NPM1 mutation, the most common subtype of AML. In contrast, AML with NPM1 translocation is very rare but is also discussed. Preleukemic cells and clonal hematopoiesis are relatively common in AML with NPM1 mutation, and their distinction from residual AML is critical and highlighted. Other differential diagnosis includes the distinction between cases with an APL (acute promyelocytic leukemia)-like immunophenotype and real APL cases. Occasionally, AML with NPM1 mutation presents with less than 20% blasts and needs to be distinguished from other myeloid neoplasms such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.

This chapter reports on a top-down approach relating N = 2, D = 4 pure supergravity with non-trivial boundary behaviour to a (2 + 1)-dimensional analog model which is able to describe the electronic properties of graphene-like materials. This is obtained, in a special asymptotic limit, by imposing an unconventional realization of supersymmetry in the D = 3 boundary model.

This chapter considers how Plutarch, a Platonic philosopher and priest of Apollo, used the language of pistis (‘faith’) and pisteuein (‘to believe’). It rejects the view that Plutarch was the first to introduce a ‘fideistic’, proto-Christian concept of religious faith as opposed to reason, or that his faith was only a way to inscribe himself into ‘tradition’. Crucial for our understanding of Plutarch’s pistis is his initiation into the Dionysiac mysteries, which prevented him from ‘believing’ the Epicureans’ denial of immortality, as he deemed that the Platonists’ view of the immortality of the soul ‘is harder to disbelieve than to believe’. The chapter emphasises the convergence between Plutarch’s experience of the mysteries and his Platonic philosophy. Plutarch’s notion of faith is not fideistic and anti-philosophical but belongs to the domain of philosophy: unfounded faith must be criticised when it misrepresents the gods and strengthened when it aligns with sound philosophical doctrines. Not only can philosophical doctrines confirm expressions of pistis, but particular philosophical views are also the object of faith and are, conversely, reinforced by initiation into the mysteries. Throughout the chapter, it is intimated that Plutarch’s concept of pistis is not fundamentally different from that of Paul.

A great power war remained a possibility in Europe in the early twentieth century and preparing for it remained the state’s most important responsibility before 1914. This chapter examines how states developed plans to fight under conditions of economic interdependence. Preparations sought to mitigate the risks to economic stability and exploit the enemy’s vulnerabilities. The lack of prior experience of a major European war in an interdependent global economy rendered planning extremely difficult. Some challenges went unforeseen; others required trade-offs that had to be balanced against the peace-time economy. These preparations imposed another interdependence dilemma on states – war preparations were costly, detracting from the economic basis of a state’s future power. Undertaking the preparations, inadequate and superficial as they proved, only served to underline the catastrophic consequences of war and spread knowledge about the high risks across bureaucracies and civil society. Planning for war, though dominated by military and naval leaders, included a wide range of civilian officials and experts from civil society.

What does it mean to know a language? Language is our primary tool for communication, and speaking, listening, reading, and writing are integral to our everyday lives. This chapter explores how adults use and understand language, from speech to the written word. We deconstruct the processes that are involved when speakers speak and listeners listen, and when readers read, and writers write. We delve into groundbreaking (and often controversial) studies to find out what they can tell us about speech production and comprehension. We’ll also find that a big part of language use is misuse. We look at the typical language of adults and the normal mistakes we make in our speech everyday, from mondegreens and malapropisms to spoonerisms and other slips of the tongue. We discuss what these speech and hearing errors mean, and what they reveal about the way language is organized in our minds.

Palpitations is a common chief complaint in the emergency department. This case reflects a patient with palpitations found to have supraventricular tachycardia. It is imperative to determine the hemodynamic stability of the patient. As this case progresses, the patient is stable and the underlying rhythm can be determined and treated with various methods. Vagal maneuvers can be attempted but often fail. Adenosine must be given rapidly. The underlying cause is usually not determined in the emergency department, but physicians must consider life-threatening causes.

ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a mature T-cell neoplasm characterized by large pleomorphic cells with uniformly strong CD30 expression but without ALK rearrangement or expression. This chapter focuses on the immunophenotypic features of ALK-negative ALCL, including cases without and with DUSP22 rearrangement. The differential diagnosis of ALK-negative ALCL is also discussed, with a focus on flow cytometric immunophenotypic findings, including peripheral T-cell lymphoma, adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia, NK/T-cell lymphoma/leukemia, T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, and acute myeloid leukemia/myeloid sarcoma. Flow cytometric immunophenotypic features that can be helpful for the differential diagnosis are discussed.

This chapter describes the immunophenotype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with MECOM rearrangement in detail. Although MECOM rearrangement is predominantly identified in AML, it occasionally occurs in mixed-phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL). Both the immunophenotypes of AML and MPAL associated with MECOM rearrangement are discussed.

This chapter describes the case of a 56-year-old male brought in by EMS after cardiac arrest. The patient had a return of spontaneous circulation after pulseless ventricular tachycardia and was intubated and transported to the ED. The primary survey reveals a patent airway, no spontaneous breaths, and palpable radial and carotid pulses. The secondary survey shows an unresponsive patient with cool and pale skin. The diagnosis is pulseless ventricular tachycardia. The chapter highlights the importance of early identification, high-quality CPR, and defibrillation as mainstays of treatment for nonperfusing rhythms. Treatment options include targeted temperature management, antiarrhythmic drugs, and consultation with cardiology. The chapter also provides pearls for managing pulseless ventricular tachycardia, including the use of hypothermia and sedation to prevent shivering.

In this chapter, we briefly describe methods for performing training in a fast and cost-effective manner. This book has primarily focused on accelerating inference. Techniques for inference, such as low-precision methods and fast architectures, can also be employed to accelerate training. In this chapter, we discuss issues that are unique to training.

Acute sudden-onset vision loss requires a broad differential diagnosis in the emergency department. At least a couple of true emergency conditions, including ischemic stroke, must be included. Central retina artery occlusion (CRAO) diagnosis is a real emergency condition and early management could change the patient’s prognosis. The patients with CRAO present with acute, sudden-onset, painless vision loss. Cherry red spot on the fundoscopic exam is a classic finding. Treatment includes ocular massage, breathing into a paper bag, and medications to decrease intraocular pressure. An emergent ophthalmology consultation is also required.

This case describes a patient who comes in with cough and shortness of breath. The course of inhalational anthrax can progress from initial nonspecific viral symptoms to severe respiratory distress, hypotension, hypoxia, tachypnea, cyanosis, and hemorrhage within days. Pathognomonic imaging findings include mediastinal widening due to hemorrhagic mediastinitis, pleural effusion, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy.

Most students and even faculty in psychology receive little or no formal training in how to communicate in psychology. Nor do they necessarily learn how to write grant and contract proposals, book proposals, or talks and lectures. Many people believe that writers receive sufficient training in writing through informal channels and thus will acquire the necessary skills on their own. Do students learn the writing techniques for psychology on their own? Our experience reading psychology papers suggests that often they do not. Moreover, this experience is shared by other psychology professors and by professors in other disciplines, as well. Psychologists also need excellent speaking skills.

This chapter describes the case of a 60-year-old female with shortness of breath and neck swelling. The patient has a known history of small cell lung cancer and is currently undergoing chemotherapy. The primary survey reveals a patent airway, no apparent respiratory distress, and warm, flushed skin with equal peripheral pulses. The secondary survey shows distended superficial veins of the neck and upper chest, but clear lungs and normal abdomen. The diagnosis is superior vena cava syndrome, which is the obstruction of blood flow through the superior vena cava. The chapter highlights the importance of careful and thorough work-up of potential etiology in all cases. Treatment options include elevation of the head of the bed, diuretics, steroids, percutaneous transluminal stent placement, or bypass surgery.

The militarisation of economic interdependence began in 1911, with the German decision to introduce a new army bill and the Italian decision to invade the Ottoman Empire’s provinces of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. These decisions took place in the context of the Moroccan Crisis, which exposed German financial vulnerabilities and brought to a head the failure of Italy to secure its interests in North Africa through economic influence. German and Italian leaders turned to military power to compensate for weaknesses in economic power. Leaders in Berlin and Rome did not intend to bring about a major European conflict, but their decisions had deeply destabilising consequences. The German army bill, passed in 1912, marked the beginning of a land arms race that reshaped European politics and the Italian invasion deepened the crisis of the Ottoman Empire, particularly in its Balkan provinces, setting the context for the wars in 1912 and 1913. This chapter shows how the crisis and consequences were embedded within an international economic order that was increasingly shaped by the logic of power politics.