This chapter considers the product of operators in the Heisenberg representation and express it in terms of the contour time-ordering operator. Since the relative order in which the operators enter the quantum average matters, this order has to be specified in detail. This procedure leads to considering the single- and two-particle Green’s functions, where the product contains, respectively, two and four field operators, which are at the core of the diagrammatic many-particle theory to be developed in what follows.

The chapter explores how alternative futures were imagined in the late state-socialist system, using Soviet Estonia as a case study during the mid-perestroika period in the Soviet Union. In 1987–1988, Estonian reformist intellectuals and experts envisioned Estonia in multiple scenarios like an economically ‘self-manageable’ republic within a renewed Soviet Union, a socialist ‘sovereign’ republic sharing foreign and defence policies with the centre or an independent republic restored as the interwar state. The chapter explores the Estonian perestroika discourse that opened channels for reform discussions in 1987, especially examining the language and concepts used to produce these futures. It highlights how local reformists innovated economic-political vocabulary, facilitating but simultaneously delimiting the imagination of Estonia’s alternative futures. The chapter demonstrates how the innovations with the perestroika language caused unpredicted scenarios in 1988, as the Estonian Declaration of Sovereignty ignited a series of similar declarations in the union republics in 1989–1990.

Research has advanced our understanding of the role of self-disclosure in the initiation, development, maintenance, and ending of relationships. In this chapter, we review theoretical and empirical milestones in our understanding of self-disclosure, particularly its role in relationships. We show that research on self-disclosure has shifted from a focus on the individual to a focus on the interpersonal nature of disclosure processes. Self-disclosure occurs between people and triggers a cyclical process that is specific to a particular relationship with a particular partner. Self-disclosure processes fluctuate over time. They shape, and are shaped by, relationships. We propose that self-disclosure serves as a seismograph of relationship quality. It is essential in interdependent relationships and key to unraveling how people perceive the quality of their relationships. Throughout the chapter, we identify unanswered questions that offer promising avenues for future research.

This chapter surveys the scholarship on linguistics in education and analyzes the status of linguistics in language education master’s programs. Using the National Center for Education Statistics’ Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) system to define the data field, we searched the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System for institutions conferring degrees between 2011-2020 for CIP code 13.14, the designation for master’s programs in Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. From this list, we analyzed available curricula for both MA/MS TESOL degree and MA/MS in elementary, secondary, or adult education language teacher training. Considering programs across 255 institutions, we analyzed linguistics courses as required, elective, or not present. Results reveal that linguistics is integrated at variable rates. Focusing on four core subdisciplines, TESOL fares better: Introductory linguistics was required 69% of the time, sociolinguistics 41.5%, syntax/grammar 53%, and second language acquisition (SLA) 70%. A more dismal picture appears for the other language education group: Introductory linguistics was required 6% of the time, sociolinguistics 6%, syntax/grammar 4%, and SLA 12%. This study demonstrates that language teachers require more robust linguistics education to better equip them for serving language learners’ needs.

This chapter is devoted to developing and clarifying one of the most unique and important constructs of attachment theory: the internal working models (IWMs) by which relationships influence other relationships and personality. We begin by describing how IWMs develop, discuss different definitions and conceptualizations of IWMs associated with different developmental stages, and then offer a new way of thinking about IWMs as both implicit and explicit representations that function at different levels of awareness. We then discuss factors that promote stability and change in IWMs, highlighting how earlier experiences with attachment figures may shape subsequent IWMs associated with other attachment figures. We next present a framework outlining the conditions under which IWMs associated with specific attachment figures earlier in life can become “activated” to influence how people think, feel, and/or behave with their current attachment figures. We conclude by proposing several promising directions for future research.

As the early twentieth-century writer Karl Kraus playfully observed, the ‘streets [of Vienna] are surfaced with culture as the streets of other cities are surfaced with asphalt’.1 Long-time centre of the Habsburg Empire and now capital of Austria, Vienna has always lived and breathed music in particular, from the troubadours at the early thirteenth-century Babenberg court, the founding of the Hofmusikkapelle in 1498 and Leopold I’s lavish investment in music in the seventeenth century to the unbroken sequence of masters of the last 250 years from Haydn and Mozart onwards. Beyond the apparently inescapable and regularly self-promotional clichés of Vienna as the musical capital of the world and the most musical city in the world, Vienna has embraced often simultaneously musical continuity and change, conservatism and progressivism, and aesthetic, stylistic and cultural uniformity and diversity. If Vienna is, as Charles Sealsfield explained in 1828, ‘a city of contrasts; here you may find the most abject dissoluteness and undeviating steadiness, a high degree of learning and the grossest ignorance, the most contemptible servility and a noble independent spirit’,2 then music will reflect the contrast-fuelled environment at least to a certain extent.

This case presents a detailed scenario following a massive earthquake in California, focusing on the prolonged extrication and medical care of a male trapped beneath debris in a collapsed apartment building. The earthquake caused widespread structural devastation across 10 counties, leaving the victim pinned under a heavy steel girder with severe injuries to his right lower extremity. As search and rescue teams arrive four hours after the collapse, they must navigate unsafe structural conditions while providing medical stabilization, who is suffering from significant pain and potential crush syndrome. The case emphasizes critical aspects of Urban Search And Rescue (USAR) operations, such as ensuring scene safety, using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), and maintaining strong team communication. It also outlines the necessary medical interventions, including managing traumatic injuries, preventing crush syndrome, and providing wound care.

Similar to Chapter 20 of Part I, this chapter considers the treatment of a few topics, which are relevant to the general purposes of the book but whose inclusion in previous chapters would have diverted the discussion of the main topics of interest therein. Specifically, it considers the Dyson equations for the contour single-particle Green’s function in the Nambu representation, the relative strength of different frequency terms in the derivation of the time-dependent Gross–Pitaevskii equation, the detailed calculation of an integral occurring in the derivation of the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equation, the irrelevance of the reference time t₀ for the convolutions entering the Kadanoff–Baym equations at equilibrium, and the average energy of the system expressed in terms of the lesser Green’s function even in nonequilibrium situations.

Experimental legal regimes, notably regulatory sandboxes, seek to promote technological innovation while at the same time ensuring consumer protection against unsafe or unsuitable products and services. But in doing so, they may not always be able to prevent harm to consumers. This chapter explores the relationship between regulatory sandboxes and private law. Given that within such sandboxes the participating firms may benefit from regulatory relief, it considers whether, and, if so, to what extent traditional private law nevertheless remains and should remain applicable to their activities during the experiment. It develops three models of the relationship between regulatory sandboxes and private law – separation, substitution, and complementarity – and considers their key characteristics, manifestations, and implications in the context of European private law. The chapter reveals the tension between, on the one hand, fostering technology-enabled innovation, legal certainty, and uniformity and, on the other hand, realising interpersonal justice and individual fairness while leaving room for diversity. It also assesses each model in terms of its potential to reconcile these competing considerations and draws lessons from this assessment for EU and national legislators and courts.

Diagnosis and management of NMS and its differentiation from catatonia

This chapter provides a concise account of the salient features of the BCS–BEC crossover. After a brief historical review of the topic, the key features of the BCS–BEC crossover are recalled. In particular, the BCS wave function for the ground state is shown to contain the BEC state of composite bosons as a limiting situation, and the special role played in this context by the chemical potential is pointed out. The need for pairing fluctuations beyond mean field is also emphasized, together with the occurrence of two (coupling and temperature dependent) lengths, which measure the correlation either within a pair of fermions with opposite spins or among different pairs. The limiting physical situations corresponding to the Ginzburg–Landau and Gross–Pitaevskii equations are finally considered.

This chapter explores the roles of women as hostess and musical impresario for domestic gatherings known as “at-home” in the second half of the nineteenth century. Drawing upon the prescriptions of contemporary etiquette books and sources of advice in music journals, belletristic literature, and the daily press, it considers her varied responsibilities as “generous authority” with particular attention to the events’ musical entertainment. We first study the performers and repertoires of musical at-homes and then turn our attention to the expectations for audiences and performers at nonmusical at-homes. From selecting programs for the music-based events to overseeing guests’manners during informal music making, the hostess held absolute sway within the domestic domain. A successful (i.e., pleasurable) at-home assisted the hostess in maintaining – even advancing – her status within the social hierarchy of the time, even as proper behavior at such affairs aided the aspirational ambitions of her guests.

This scenario involves a 42-year-old male presenting to a large academic emergency department following an explosion at an oil refinery. The patient arrives with multiple blast-related injuries, including bilateral perforated tympanic membranes, basilar skull fracture, right-sided pneumothorax, bowel perforation, liver laceration, extremity fractures, and superficial burns. Due to the nature of the incident, the patient requires immediate decontamination before further medical management. Critical interventions include emergent reduction of a right ankle fracture causing neurovascular compromise and chest tube placement for a tension pneumothorax. Additional imaging reveals further traumatic injuries necessitating consultations with trauma, neurosurgery, and orthopedic surgery. The scenario emphasizes the importance of blast injury management, including handling primary, secondary, and tertiary injuries. Team coordination with HazMat and emergency services is essential to ensure patient safety and hospital readiness. The case highlights the need for rapid, organized, and multidisciplinary approaches to handle complex trauma in blast-related incidents.