People form different types of relationships with others. One common, valued, type is a communal relationship. In communal relationships, people assume responsibility for one another’s welfare and give and seek responsiveness non-contingently. Here we review ways in which communal relational contexts shape people’s emotional lives. In communal relationships, giving and receiving non-contingent responsiveness is linked to positive emotion, whereas failure to do so or behavior indicative of following inappropriate norms (e.g., norms governing transactional relationships) leads to negative emotion. In addition, the presence of communal partners often reduces threat and enhances the intensity of positive and negative reactions to environmental stimuli. Communal contexts are associated with greater expression of emotions signaling one’s own needs (which partners sometimes socially reference as signs of their own needs) and with expressing more indicative of empathy and care for the partner. All these effects can feed back and strengthen communal relationships.

We examine family systems and family relationships. Using family systems theory (Cox & Paley, 1997, 2003; Minuchin, 1985), we focus on how families are viewed as a hierarchically organized system, comprised of smaller relationships (i.e., subsystems) such as parent–child relationships, embedded within larger systems such as extended families and their broader social ties. We organized the discussion of subsystems as follows: (a) Core subsystems, including relationships of romantic partners, coparenting alliance, parent–children, and siblings; and (b) Subsystems with broader social ties, in the form of extended family and/or intergenerational ties, including coparenting alliances in post-divorce or foster families as well as parents and parents-in-law relationships. We also consider these various subsystems within and across diverse families and family contexts, attending to aspects of gender, family structures, income, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, cultures, and national origins. We end with suggestions for future research (e.g., combining the lenses of family systems with intersectionality).

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is the collective term for a number of conditions characterised by abnormal proliferation of the trophoblast layer of the placenta, including hydatidiform mole (complete and partial), invasive mole, atypical placental site nodule, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumour and epithelioid trophoblastic tumour. In the UK, all GTDs are managed in one of 3 specialist centres, which has contributed to a near 100% cure rate. Ultrasound is useful in the early diagnosis of hydatidiform moles with improved rates of pre-evacuation identification seen over recent years (88% for complete moles and 56% for partial moles).

It is a common bromide and accepted truism that if one has nothing to talk about, then one can always talk about the weather. From office parties to high school reunions, from blind dates to cross-Atlantic airline flights, weather is the go-to conversation starter that rarely succeeds in starting the conversation. That makes it particularly strange that a philosopher, a person who generally has too much to say – indeed, who belongs to a class of intellectuals deemed so stuffy and smug as to pride themselves entirely on the alleged depth and meaning of the things they say – would stoop so low as to talk about the weather.

Fahr’s disease is characterized as which of the following?

This chapter examines the profound impact of reggae sound system culture on both British and global music scenes, tracing its evolution and influence across racial and geographic boundaries. Initially, it explores the origins and cultural significance of sound systems in Jamaica, focusing on figures like Clement ‘Coxsone’ Dodd and Duke Reid, and their role in shaping social events through innovative audio technology. It then shifts to the migration of sound system practices to Britain, highlighting the adaptation of these practices within British urban life, with key figures like Dennis Bovell leading the way. Finally, the chapter discusses how sound system culture influenced global music, particularly electronic genres such as dub, jungle, drum and bass, and grime. It emphasises the lasting legacy of sound systems in modern music, despite the decline of traditional systems in Jamaica and the UK, showcasing their ongoing global impact.

The Belgian historian Jos Van Ussel’s History of Sexual Repression inspired Michel Foucault to argue that the history of sexuality was not marked by silence but by a deafening discursive explosion. Following Foucault, many historians have sought to substantiate his influential claim by documenting the strong discursive preoccupation with same-sex eroticism in ‘Europe’ and ‘the West’ from the late nineteenth century onwards. The unstudied case of Belgium challenges both the geography and the chronology of this vestigial grand narrative. Unlike in larger neighboring countries (Britain, France, and Germany), which commonly get to tell the story of ‘Europe’ and ‘the West’ as a whole, Belgian intellectuals and policymakers barely broached the issue of homosexuality until the 1950s. Why this was the case, and how it complicates our understanding of queer history by breaking up the idea of a single and singular Europe from the inside out, is this book’s main subject. The Introduction also calls attention to the importance of silence and omission and to the role of religion in the history of (homo)sexualities.

Despite the colossal importance of Augustine in the history of justification, no comprehensive study on this topic has yet been written. Moreover, the prevailing view is that Augustine understood justification to be caused by charity, not faith. This book aims to re-center Augustine’s theology of justification onto faith, and its thesis is that Augustine developed multiple accounts of how faith justifies based on whether faith is motivated by fear (which fails to justify), hope (which will justify), or love (which already justifies). The introduction then establishes the fundamentals of justification for Augustine: Augustine understands justification to consist in forgiveness and interior renewal, interprets iustificare (to justify) as making righteous by grace alone, and understands human iustitia (righteousness) as a created gift distinct from God’s righteousness. Lastly, the introduction shows how justification was central to Augustine, both to counter Pelagianism and to explain the work of God operative in the actions of the Church.

Chapter 3 focuses on Hong Kong, where there were 261 death sentences but no executions after 1966. Chinese hostility to democratic reforms prevented the constitutional advances that occurred in other colonies in this period and left the British government vulnerable to parliamentary scrutiny in the wake of an execution. Previous studies argued that Britain required Hong Kong’s governors to commute death sentences from the mid 1960s, but colonial correspondence shows that clemency was not automatic until a decade later. Clemency appeals were judged on a case by case basis, even after Governor Murray MacLehose’s decision to uphold Tsoi Kwok-cheung’s death sentence was overruled by the British government in 1973. MacLehose thereafter played a central role in negotiating the Hong Kong Executive Council’s support for reprieves and eventually oversaw de facto abolition, as he strived to prevent capital punishment compromising his administration’s reform agenda. MacLehose also set a precedent for future governors by opposing reforms to the death penalty in other British Dependent Territories, which he feared would draw unwanted attention to Hong Kong’s anomalous position.

The Self-Sharing Messiah: Paul’s description of the Christ event in Galatians and elsewhere in his letters portray Jesus’ loving action not as self-sacrifice but as his positive participation in human and specifically Israelite condition. His action shares all that belongs to him with believers and establishes believers as competent moral actors and enables them to reciprocate his self-gift.

Chapter 12 covers research on priceperception and price strategy, this chapter focuses on how to communicateprices, especially reduced prices, in the best way. Research projects show a wide variety of ways to communicate when it comes to the efficiency of price promotions. To truly understand how to optimise a promotion, one must, therefore, know how to communicate the discount. Research on price communication shows several psychological effects such as anchoring effects in which a multi-unit promotion leads to increased sales simply because it suggests that shoppers can buy more than one package of the item. The effect also remains without a discount. Another effect is that the numerical value stated on the price sign has more of an effect than the actual meaning of the numbers. For example, a 20% discount on a product that sells for £10 should be stated as −20% and not as −£2 (since 20 is a higher number than 2). However, if the original price is £200, the discount should be stated as −£40 and not as −20% (since 40 is a higher number than 20). Other research shows that different shoppers are sensitive to different promotion techniques, suggesting that retailers have the option of to tailoring promotion techniques to their target group of customers.

This chapter introduces the electronic dance music culture kuduro (‘hard arse’) from Angola. It delineates the diasporically intertwined history of kuduro, introduces the main aesthetic strategies and, finally, focusses on the undervalued microphone practices of animação). Based on ethnographic research, the contribution crystallises the insight that kuduro, as a practice that requires deft skills and stamina, is throughout its history intrinsically tied to electronic dance musics around the globe rather than representing the exotic other to Western EDM. This fine-grained analysis of the material leads to the conclusion that kuduro is best understood within the framework of sound system cultures of the Black Atlantic, throwing the specificity of kuduro into sharper relief while also situating it within the larger context of similar practices.

Which of the following factors are NOT associated with an “unlikely to be restored to legal adjudicative competence” finding?

This Chapter seeks to address the legal and factual challenges resulting from the proliferation of battlefield actors through a framework for the  classification of battlefield actors during NIAC. This framework is predicated on the factual and legal distinction between the concept of a ‘Party’ to a NIAC, actors that ‘belong’ to a Party to a NIAC, and actors ‘supporting’ a Party to a NIAC. The Chapter is comprised of four sections. The first section introduces the rationale that underpins and informs the proposed framework, and outlines its practical application. The second section explores the concept of a Party to a NIAC, and in particular the distinction between a Party and the ‘armed forces‘ of a Party. The third section seeks to define the external parameters of a Party to a NIAC by way of the concept of ‘belonging’ under IHL. The fourth section will explore the concept of ‘supporting’ a Party to a NIAC to determine if and when the arrival of new actors on the battlefields of existing NIACs are bound by and subject to IHL, and in doing so, will interrogate the concepts of associated forces and co-belligerents, both of which are contrasted against the support-based approach advanced by the ICRC.

In order to capture Vienna’s abundant, diverse and socially engaged musical culture between c.1770 and c. 1830, this chapter first examines late eighteenth-century activities through the prism of different interlocutors and communities, including critics, writers and audiences who demonstrate particular admiration for multi-talented performer-composers; publishers, liaising with composers, who produce printed music for general circulation; and musicians who often tetchily compete with one another. It then evaluates the equally heterogeneous and colourful early nineteenth century, primarily through the lens of the Vienna correspondent to the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, also explaining how canonic statuses for Viennese composers take root.

This case presents a detailed scenario involving a mass casualty incident resulting from a bus crash during a snowstorm. The scenario unfolds at an academic hospital and trauma center where the emergency department is alerted to receive 15 to 20 victims of the crash. The chapter emphasizes the importance of mass casualty preparedness, activation of disaster response protocols, and the critical role of triage in managing incoming patients. The teaching objectives focus on utilizing the START triage system, assigning roles, and coordinating between emergency and ancillary teams such as trauma surgery and radiology. Learners are tasked with prioritizing lifesaving interventions, managing resources, and handling the emotional impact on family members. Through a combination of moulage, rapid assessments, and critical actions, this scenario challenges emergency care providers to maintain situational awareness, adapt to evolving conditions, and ensure optimal patient outcomes during high-stress, resource-limited situations.

Relationship maintenance scholars have long attempted to understand the processes by which partners foster relationship growth. They have done so by focusing on defining and explaining key maintenance strategies that serve to initiate and preserve romantic relationships. In this chapter, we provide a brief history of the relationship maintenance literature. Then we identify the key theoretical contributions to the current understanding of relationship maintenance and discuss recent theoretical developments and known correlates. We conclude the chapter by highlighting the need to diversify and expand the maintenance literature by identifying possible avenues for future inquiry and proposing ways to integrate work across disciplines.