How people learn a second language is a topic of long-standing human curiosity as well as prime educational and social importance. The mid twentieth century is the conventional starting point for recounting the history of the modern discipline of second language (L2) acquisition. However, although this chapter focuses on that interval, it recognizes that much older ideas and texts provide a context for understanding contemporary and near-contemporary treatment of the topic. To illustrate the scope of reflection on L2 acquisition, Chapter 1 narrates the historical backdrop to three themes, all of which are salient to the recent history of the field, while they have also appeared in various guises over the full-length history of Western reflection on language: (1) the role a learner’s first language plays in the acquisition of an L2; (2) capacities that are imputed to be inherent to learners, and which bear on the task of L2 acquisition; and (3) the function of the social environment in which learning takes place. These three themes provide a basis for appreciating continuities and discontinuities across the full history of L2 acquisition, a history that vastly predates the twentieth-century focus in this chapter.

This chapter outlines the governance landscape of ocean acidification (OA), identifying thirty-one actors and twenty-seven instruments at the international, regional, local, and transnational levels. The map indicates that no single institution leads OA governance; rather, multiple institutions address different aspects through implicit mandates rather than explicit ones. Only the Ocean Acidification Alliance has a clear OA mission. Most institutions operate across various fields such as climate, biodiversity, and marine protection, resulting in functional overlaps without a clear hierarchy. Applying regime complex theory, the chapter contends that OA governance constitutes a regime complex – partially overlapping, likely non-hierarchical institutions governing the same issue area. Three factors affirm this classification: divergent interests (economic vs. environmental), high uncertainty (scientific complexity and multiple actors), and limited linkages between institutions. The regime complex is situated at the intersection of climate, marine, and atmospheric governance systems. This characterisation is vital, as it implies that global experimentalist governance could effectively utilise these existing institutional arrangements rather than supplanting them, laying the groundwork for selecting suitable governance approaches in subsequent chapters.

Chapter 8 explores specifically anti-religious propaganda, arguing that initially this was relatively unfocused. The Great Leap Forward saw an attempt to propagate atheism through peasant philosophy teams and a mass campaign to get workers, peasants, and soldiers to write poems and songs discrediting belief in supernatural agency. The chapter explores the CCP’s appropriation of traditional cultural forms to erode popular belief in the agency of non-visible entities, focusing on long-form storytelling, revolutionary opera, and use of cinema for the same end. It briefly explores the onset of the Mao cult and the turn to small groups as a way of undermining folk religion, concentrating on a discussion among women in industry and a discussion in a village, again largely involving women, and suggests how taken-for-granted knowledge had become a terrain for different views.

Romanticism Bewitched concludes with a discussion of Joanna Baillie’s Gothic tragedy, Witchcraft, written as a response to what she believed to be a missed opportunity by Scott in his novel, The Bride of Lammermoor, to explore the psychological and social dimensions of the rise of witchcraft. The first section outlines the similarities between Scott’s novel and Macbeth. Both Scott’s novel and Shakespeare’s tragedy take place in Scotland in a politically precarious moment with squabbling factions and dwindling confidence in the central authority of the government. In the second section, Baillie argues that the decidedly unsympathetic treatment of the female supernatural by Scott and others perpetuates damaging stereotypes and diverts our attention from the real problem – a social structure founded on inequity. Baillie’s tragedy explores the outbreak of accusations of witchcraft as the consequence of a diseased patriarchy and the abdication of the responsibilities of fathers, literally within the family unit and figuratively as the representatives of the authority of church and state.

This chapter sets the scene for the book. It introduces the Dominican order, the context of its foundation in the thirteenth century, and its relationship to other liturgical traditions. Like many other new religious orders, the Dominican order underwent a period of liturgical revision in the decades following its foundation. Three ‘exemplar’ manuscripts survive that record the final authoritative version of the Dominican liturgy; this book uses the exemplars as a lens through which the Dominican liturgy can be examined. The chapter sets out the two key themes that shape the remainder of the book, namely the making of the Dominican liturgy in terms of the material production of Dominican liturgical books, and in terms of the creation of the Dominican liturgy and chant recorded in the exemplars. The chapter closes with an outline of the book’s chapters and appendices.

The Introduction offers an overview of the main themes of the book, focusing especially on Hegel’s claim that our sensuous experience of beauty offers a distinctive access to metaphysical truth. The basic nature and parameters of this sensuous aesthetic experience – what Hegel calls “sensuous intuition” – are explored to set the stage for the analysis that follows. In anticipation of the book’s main claim about the distinctive sort of ontological truth that artworks in particular serve to reveal on Hegel’s account – namely, that they put us in touch with the transformative event of spirit’s birth in and through nature – the chapter includes a sketch of the path of the book from the ontology and aesthetics of nature through to the ontology and aesthetics of artworks.

If you write a paper that you believe makes a substantial contribution to psychological knowledge, you may want to consider submitting it for publication. This chapter will give you some information to help you decide on a journal. We will give you an overview of what you need to do to submit your paper and what goes on behind the scenes in an editor’s office.

This chapter introduces the reader to the basic structure and history of the international legal system, including the relationship between law and politics and the nature of the international legal order. It is intended to put the reader in a position to understand the role played by international law within the system of international relations. The historical development of international law from its early origins in, for example, the ancient Middle East, through Roman law and the concept of the jus gentium (law of peoples), and the Renaissance to the founders of modern international law, such as Vittoria and Grotius, and onto the nineteenth century and later is surveyed. The chapter refers to the concepts of positivism and naturalism and looks at communist theories of international law in Russia and China. The chapter concludes with a brief survey of the role and position of Developing Countries (Third World; Global South).

The introduction fits the religious identities and entanglements of imperial and royal officials into recent work in critical fields of inquiry in the study of late antiquity. It sets the approaches and arguments of the book in the context of previous work on the conversion of the senatorial aristocracy, the religious identities of pagans and Christians, the development of asceticism and episcopal authority, the prevalence (or otherwise) of religious intolerance and violence, patterns of imperial churchgoing, and forms of Christian observance within the household. It also contextualises and justifies the chronology of the book and the specific definition of the ‘state’ and ‘officials’ used within it.

The afterword explains why Louis Bieral’s life matters. He had an almost unique set of experiences. He illustrates the importance of violence to the operation of nineteenth-century American society. He also suggests the difficulty of establishing the rule of law, replacing the veneration of physical might with the celebration of persuasion.