Although our main interest is in the topological case, as outlined in the Preface, the results of Donald, Issa and McCoy on smooth embeddings of Seifert 3-manifolds are a natural complement to our material.

This chapter presents a dynamic model for providing feedback to students on their formative assessments, one that fosters a mistake-friendly learning environment and promotes meaningful student engagement. Designed to accommodate the diverse abilities of learners, the model underscores the importance of effective and timely feedback, while fostering opportunities for critique, reflection, and dialogue. By integrating personalised feedback strategies and facilitating open questions and discussions, the chapter illustrates how educators can create inclusive spaces where learners feel empowered to learn from mistakes and actively shape their academic growth. This approach not only enhances learning outcomes but also nurtures a culture of continuous improvement and mutual respect in the classroom.

This chapter provides an overview of the current state of research on the role of writing in second language (L2) learning. For many years L2 writing and second language acquisition (SLA) research developed independently. However, recent interest in the learning potential of writing and writing-related processes has led to a prolific area of research investigating L2 writing from a writing-to-learn perspective. This chapter, a novel addition to the second edition of the handbook, acknowledges this research and responds to calls for a more central role of L2 writing in SLA research agendas. Scholarly work on the learning affordances of L2 writing has examined both individual and collaborative writing, as well as the use and processing of written corrective feedback. The chapter discusses the theoretical underpinnings of research in each of these areas and provides a summary of key issues and findings. It reviews selected empirical studies, involving a range of learner populations and L2s, that have contributed to our understanding of how and why writing and writing-related processes facilitate L2 learning. The chapter concludes with a forward look, pointing out directions for future research.

This chapter centers on Bieral’s role in the 1854 Anthony Burns fugitive slave case, where he organized armed guards to prevent Burns’s rescue. Bieral’s participation reveals his alignment with pro-slavery Democrats and his complex racial identity. The chapter interrogates his motivations – political loyalty, racial self-interest, and personal pride – while contrasting his actions with abolitionist efforts. Bieral’s subsequent assault on attorney Richard Henry Dana, Jr., exemplifies the violent enforcement of political power. The narrative situates Bieral within the broader context of antebellum racial politics, highlighting the paradox of a possibly mixed-race man defending slavery to assert his whiteness and authority.

This chapter concerns state succession, the process by which a state may succeed to the treaties, assets, debts and responsibilities of a predecessor state. The relationship between continuity and succession of states is not always easy to determine, as some states may be deemed to be continuations of the earlier state in a slightly different form rather than a totally new state. Examples covered here include Russia, Yugoslavia and Germany. The question of succession to treaties is then considered with an examination of the different kinds of treaties, such as multilateral treaties, bilateral treaties, human rights treaties and territorial treaties. The various effects upon such treaties of how the succession is characterised, from absorption and merger to cession of part of a state to another, to the creation of a new state, are examined. The chapter then turns to other branches of succession, from succession to membership of international organisations to succession to assets, including archives, and debts and succession to private rights, nationality and responsibility.

As (future) educators and researchers, mastering the art of lecturing can significantly enhance your ability to communicate complex ideas, engage your audience, and foster meaningful learning experiences. This chapter will explore essential techniques for crafting compelling presentations, adapting to various platforms, and maximizing audience engagement. By implementing these strategies, you’ll be well-equipped to create and deliver impactful lectures that resonate with your listeners and effectively convey your expertise in the field of psychology.

It’s easy to blow a job interview. Sometimes, job candidates do it in a matter of minutes or even seconds. Here are some tips we offer to make the most of job interviews rather than blowing them. Our list includes both things to do and things not to do.

This chapter posits that risk assessment necessary as a condition precedent to settlement requires evidentiary transparency as to all stakeholders, including the arbitral tribunal. Moreover, this chapter discusses and asserts that settlement and mediation techniques are futile absent a thorough understanding of the underlying evidence, and objective procedural methodologies governing admissibility, relevance, materiality, and weight of the evidence. Thus, the chapter analyzes features and possible amendments to the rules of the leading ICA institutional administrative bodies that would enhance the predictive value of determinations based on existing evidence. Consequently, the evidential framework of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC), the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC), the International Centre for Dispute Resolution (ICDR), and the German Arbitration Institute (DIS) rules are analyzed.

The Conclusion draws together the book’s various thematic strands: the perceived primacy of the ‘reason’, the right of its possessors to rule, the exculpatory effect of a frenzy diagnosis, and the high cost paid by those who received one. It returns to the larger question posed at the outset: whether the organ of the brain and the faculties of the mind were seen as constitutive of ‘personhood’ in pre-1700s England. The responses to frenzy which we have encountered in this book suggests that they were. The operations of the mental faculties known as ‘reason’, ‘will’, and ‘memory’ (or simply the ‘wits’) were located in (and often colloquially identified with) the brain. The functionality and continuity of these faculties was integral to the maintenance of legal, social, and spiritual personhood. Yet what troubled frenzy’s witnesses the most, the Conclusion argues, was the way it disrupted its sufferers’ predictable ways of being in the world – the values they had once held dear, the ways they had once looked and spoken. It was a disease which had the power to change friends, neighbours, and loved ones beyond recognition.

This chapter explores the gendered dimensions of mathematics anxiety, shedding light on why female students consistently report higher levels of anxiety than their male peers. Drawing directly from students’ comments, it offers fresh insights into how gender shapes classroom engagement and behaviour. The chapter also critically examines the persistent perception of STEM as a male-dominated field, a concern that continues to influence students’ academic experiences. Grounded in students’ experiences, it concludes with actionable recommendations aimed at fostering more inclusive and supportive learning environments.

Chapter 2 considers how the diagnosis of frenzy – in its standard definition, an inflammation of the brain or meninges – both shaped and was shaped by anatomical knowledge. Reading the work of the anatomist Thomas Willis (1621–1675) alongside his various sixteenth- and seventeenth-century interlocutors, it situates his anatomical work within a longer tradition of brain–mind cartography. The chapter argues that Willis’s determination to map the functions of the brain onto its structures was driven, in part, by his clinical experiences of frenzy. His explicit hope was that his anatomy would be the foundation stone on which a new, clinically useful ‘Pathologie of the Brain and nervous stock, might be built’. But not all of his hopes for the project were medical in nature, or even this-worldly. Willis also sought to shore up two vital truths, both of which frenzy seemed to undermine: first, that there was a categorical difference between the human soul and that of all other living beings, and second, that the human soul alone would survive the death of the body.

A survey of the elements of word meaning. Covers the history, role, and significance of dictionaries, the Saussurian connection between form and meaning, synonymy, homonymy, polysemy, meaning features or properties, and how meanings arise.