After the armed struggle of the Revolution (1910–20), Mexican cinema, particularly during the época de oro (Golden Age, roughly 1930–52), had a profound impact on Mexican popular culture. One of the most intriguing elements was how the film industry captured Mexican music history, particularly the intimate practice of musical performances conducted within the salon. This essay moves through various points in Mexican history, as told by the film industry, to uncover a practice of representation and interpretation of the roles of women in the salon. Mexican musical history is a rich and vibrant narrative of cosmopolitanism and changing narratives of gender roles that the film industry manipulated and exploited on the big screen. Although functioning as a reinterpretation of historical periods, these films act as significant cultural texts to understanding the industry’s and the culture’s knowledge of women performers in the Mexican salon.

This chapter shows how the Spanish Cortes, a notary type of legislature established by factions with lower levels of unity and embeddedness during Franco’s dictatorship in Spain, amended a share of government bills, thus informing the dictator of the extent of dissent about his initiatives, but rarely rejected any, and was therefore unable to impose significant policy changes, thus helping instead to secure Franco’s rule over the regime’s economic and institutional policies until his dying day.

This case presents a standardized patient (SP) scenario designed for training healthcare professionals in disaster response, focusing on the management of a patient trapped following a hurricane. The scenario involves a 72-year-old man who has been trapped in his basement for seven days after a category 3 hurricane caused structural damage to his home. Participants, acting as members of a FEMA Search and Rescue task force, are tasked with evaluating the patient’s condition, ensuring scene safety, and coordinating appropriate medical care and transport.

This chapter considers the product of operators in the Heisenberg representation and express it in terms of the contour time-ordering operator. Since the relative order in which the operators enter the quantum average matters, this order has to be specified in detail. This procedure leads to considering the single- and two-particle Green’s functions, where the product contains, respectively, two and four field operators, which are at the core of the diagrammatic many-particle theory to be developed in what follows.

The chapter explores how alternative futures were imagined in the late state-socialist system, using Soviet Estonia as a case study during the mid-perestroika period in the Soviet Union. In 1987–1988, Estonian reformist intellectuals and experts envisioned Estonia in multiple scenarios like an economically ‘self-manageable’ republic within a renewed Soviet Union, a socialist ‘sovereign’ republic sharing foreign and defence policies with the centre or an independent republic restored as the interwar state. The chapter explores the Estonian perestroika discourse that opened channels for reform discussions in 1987, especially examining the language and concepts used to produce these futures. It highlights how local reformists innovated economic-political vocabulary, facilitating but simultaneously delimiting the imagination of Estonia’s alternative futures. The chapter demonstrates how the innovations with the perestroika language caused unpredicted scenarios in 1988, as the Estonian Declaration of Sovereignty ignited a series of similar declarations in the union republics in 1989–1990.

Research has advanced our understanding of the role of self-disclosure in the initiation, development, maintenance, and ending of relationships. In this chapter, we review theoretical and empirical milestones in our understanding of self-disclosure, particularly its role in relationships. We show that research on self-disclosure has shifted from a focus on the individual to a focus on the interpersonal nature of disclosure processes. Self-disclosure occurs between people and triggers a cyclical process that is specific to a particular relationship with a particular partner. Self-disclosure processes fluctuate over time. They shape, and are shaped by, relationships. We propose that self-disclosure serves as a seismograph of relationship quality. It is essential in interdependent relationships and key to unraveling how people perceive the quality of their relationships. Throughout the chapter, we identify unanswered questions that offer promising avenues for future research.

This chapter surveys the scholarship on linguistics in education and analyzes the status of linguistics in language education master’s programs. Using the National Center for Education Statistics’ Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) system to define the data field, we searched the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System for institutions conferring degrees between 2011-2020 for CIP code 13.14, the designation for master’s programs in Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. From this list, we analyzed available curricula for both MA/MS TESOL degree and MA/MS in elementary, secondary, or adult education language teacher training. Considering programs across 255 institutions, we analyzed linguistics courses as required, elective, or not present. Results reveal that linguistics is integrated at variable rates. Focusing on four core subdisciplines, TESOL fares better: Introductory linguistics was required 69% of the time, sociolinguistics 41.5%, syntax/grammar 53%, and second language acquisition (SLA) 70%. A more dismal picture appears for the other language education group: Introductory linguistics was required 6% of the time, sociolinguistics 6%, syntax/grammar 4%, and SLA 12%. This study demonstrates that language teachers require more robust linguistics education to better equip them for serving language learners’ needs.

Pay-for-performance is a key mechanism for motivating employees. This chapter examines various incentive structures, including merit pay, sales commissions, and bonus programs. It discusses the advantages and potential drawbacks of linking compensation to performance, such as motivation effects, fairness concerns, and unintended consequences. The chapter also highlights best practices for designing performance-based pay systems that align with business objectives. By the end, readers will understand how to create effective incentive programs that drive employee productivity and engagement.

This chapter is devoted to developing and clarifying one of the most unique and important constructs of attachment theory: the internal working models (IWMs) by which relationships influence other relationships and personality. We begin by describing how IWMs develop, discuss different definitions and conceptualizations of IWMs associated with different developmental stages, and then offer a new way of thinking about IWMs as both implicit and explicit representations that function at different levels of awareness. We then discuss factors that promote stability and change in IWMs, highlighting how earlier experiences with attachment figures may shape subsequent IWMs associated with other attachment figures. We next present a framework outlining the conditions under which IWMs associated with specific attachment figures earlier in life can become “activated” to influence how people think, feel, and/or behave with their current attachment figures. We conclude by proposing several promising directions for future research.

Compensation structures in nonprofits, teh public sector, and small businesses differ from corporate pay models. This chapter explores the unique constraints and strategies in these sectors, including mission-driven compensation, budget limitations, and regulatory requirements.