The St Petersburg Declaration of 1868 was the first international agreement that regulated a modern weapon of war. It did so by outlawing the military deployment of small arms ammunitions that exploded or fulminated on impact. This chapter narrates the history of the Declaration by analysing the uses made of exploding bullets in the 1860s. It explains how considerations of their inherent lethality informed the terms of the treaty, including the norms of superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering which remain foundational to international humanitarian law today. It also shows how after 1868, the military use of exploding bullets was cast as an act of barbarism in the global media. Compliance reporting became a regular feature of newspaper accounts of colonial and inter-state warfare, including the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. This reporting helped to inspire an attempt to ban expanding small arms ammunitions at the Brussels Conference of 1874. The chapter underlines the centrality of the St Petersburg Declaration to the ways in which people viewed gun violence in the late nineteenth century as well as to the regulation of dum-dum bullets in 1899.

Complex fluids can be found all around us, from molten plastics to mayonnaise, and understanding their highly nonlinear dynamics is the subject of much research.

This text introduces a common theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the flow behavior of complex fluids. This framework allows for results including a qualitative understanding of the relationship between a fluid’s behavior at the microscale of particles or macromolecules, and its macroscopic, viscoelastic properties. The author uses a microstructural approach to derive constitutive theories that remain simple enough to allow computational predictions of complicated macroscale flows.

Readers develop their intuition to learn how to approach the description of materials not covered in the book, as well as limits such as higher concentrations that require computational methods for microstructural analysis.

This monograph’s unique breadth and depth make it a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in fluid mechanics.

Explores the rise of campus entrepreneurship, tracing its roots to landmark discoveries like recombinant DNA. Discusses technology transfer, licensing offices, and startups founded by faculty and students. Emphasizes the importance of entrepreneurial activities in enhancing research impact, generating revenue, and fostering regional development.

This chapter will highlight the major differences between qualitative and quantitative research papers, focusing on the unique aspects of planning, executing, and reporting qualitative studies. In it, we outline from start to finish the events involved in a qualitative research paper.

In this chapter, we explain how to estimate the prediction error of a regression model. The training error (the average of the squared residuals) under-estimates the prediction error. Instead, we use cross-validation that involves separating the data into one part for fitting the model and one part for estimating the prediction error. We can use the estimated prediction error to choose among a set of possible regression models.

No act better distilled the two faces of independence – its aspirations and disappointments – than the act of going to school. This chapter examines the expansion of schooling, and its inherent precarity, in the first decades after independence. Relying heavily on local sources and oral histories, this chapter focuses on the lived and affective experiences of students. It argues that repeated assurances by the state that schooling held the key to a better future consistently jarred with the experience of most school-goers. So palpable were these schooling pressures, that in the early 1960s, Western psychiatrists identified a new, regionally specific mental disorder, Brain Fag [fatigue] Syndrome, to account for the stress students experienced. The rapid, but uneven, expansion of schooling indicated who was excluded from the larger development project of the nation.

Chapter 3 focuses on a small number of letters from Keats to his poet-friend John Hamilton Reynolds written in the first few months of their friendship, in late 1817 and early 1818. As aspiring young poets, Reynolds and Keats developed a close, competitive-collaborative friendship in which the exchange of letters played an important part. The chapter examines the ways in which some of the main tenets of Keats’s conceptual or theoretical sense of both letter-writing and literary criticism arose out of the interchange of letters with a poet with whom he actively collaborated. Through a reading of Keats’s commentary on the power of Shakespeare’s poems and plays, the chapter argues that letter-writing is intrinsically collaborative, and that in his letters to Reynolds, Keats also emphasizes the collaborative or corresponding quality of both literature and literary criticism.

Focusing on the ‘keeping’ and ‘cure’ of frantic persons, Chapter 5 explores the ideational link between ‘reason’ and ‘rule’ which – in the minds of contemporaries – justified these interventions. If the ‘ruling faculties’ of the human mind were impaired, this merited the placement of the affected individual under the ‘rule’ of others. If the subject was an adult male, the result was a rapid and often chaotic reshuffling of power relations within the home and the wider community. Looking at how householders, parishioners, physicians, mayors, and local magistrates responded to frenzy, this chapter shows how the ideas explored in Chapters 1–3 changed the lives of those who received the diagnosis. It suggests that, if the high premium placed on the faculty of the ‘reason’ served to shore up the rigidly hierarchical order of social relations which obtained in early modern England (encompassing rank, age, gender, and species), frenzy exposed the fragility of that same order.

The concept of the Dominican liturgical ‘exemplar’ is the subject of Chapter 2. The Dominican exemplar was undoubtedly modelled on an earlier exemplar from the Cistercian order (now Dijon, Bibliothèque municipale, 114). Comparing the Dominican exemplar to its Cistercian predecessor, it is evident that the two are similar in both content and presentation. Nevertheless, the Dominicans took the concept further: they made several copies of their exemplar rather than just one, and, instead of merely documenting the liturgy, the Dominican exemplars supplied the models for fourteen types of books required for performing the liturgy. Three exemplars survive: the oldest, Rome, Santa Sabina, XIV L 1; a copy used by the master of the order, London, British Library, Add. 23935; and a copy made for the Dominican province of Spain, Salamanca, San Esteban, SAL.–CL.01. Each manuscript is described individually, outlining the dating, known provenance, and current physical state.