Between 1789 and 1815, the nation evolved from a political novelty to a constitutional cornerstone.This chapter summarizes the turning points in that process, through the shifting relations among European monarchies and empires and between those empires and their populations and cultural communities. The ‘ground zero’ of emerging nationalism was not one or another specific country but rather the grinding tectonic fault-lines between empires with conflicted populations along their peripheries: importantly that between the Holy Roman Empire and France, owing to their advanced state of institutionalized literacy and communicative technologies and infrastructures. Amidst these crises and transitions, the nation did not so much wrest power from the monarchical state as gain prestige, charisma and influence within it. When the two came to arm-wrestling, the nation almost invariably lost the battle – but it was never quite annulled as a political force. When Europe’s states were unmade in the constitutional and strategic conflicts between 1789 and 1914, the nation influenced and shaped their remakings. The nation, through a steady flow of appealing and inspiring cultural production, positioned itself as the natural, logical platform for democratic civil rights. Nations gained soft power as states and empires lost their hard power.

This scenario presents a detailed simulation of a chlorine gas exposure incident following a freight train derailment. The scenario begins with a standardized patient and transitions to a manikin, set in a community hospital in the United States. The patient, a 47-year-old male freight engineer, was exposed to chlorine gas after a train derailment caused by a track defect. The simulation covers the initial emergency response, patient decontamination, and subsequent medical management, including the challenges of airway stabilization and treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Key teaching objectives include identifying hazardous materials, diagnosing and managing chlorine exposure, and effective teamwork and communication during a medical crisis. The scenario emphasizes the importance of rapid identification and treatment of chemical exposures and provides a comprehensive guide for healthcare professionals in managing similar emergencies.

Chapter 8 examines the core principles of the Court to interpret the right to free and fair elections (Article 3 Protocol 1) and interrogates the long-standing minimalism attached to its substantive and procedural obligations, which is also translated in the wide margin of appreciation when the Court leaves it to the discretion of the governments to ‘mould’ their own model of democracy. A similar restraint in scrutinizing the purpose of interference in the proportionality analysis is observed and reflect the Court’s historical record of protecting only the existential conditions democracy. It lends further support to the argument that the Court’s interpretive equipment proves insufficient in the face of infrastructural erosion.

In the theory of the contour-ordered Green’s functions, one encounters convolutions and products. The task of this chapter is to obtain the corresponding expressions in terms of the real-time functions. This task is accomplished in terms of the so-called Langreth–Wilkins rules, which are here discussed in detail for convolutions as well as for particle–hole-type and particle–particle-type products. A preliminary introduction to what is referred to as the Keldysh space is also provided.

This chapter discusses the discovery, in the modernizing of libraries and archives around 1800, of many medieval texts and literary remains. It traces how these discoveries triggered an interest in the medieval period and the rise of historicism: the cultivation of the past and the desire to turn it, and the nation’s ancient roots, into an inspiring contemporary presence. The impact of medievalism and historicism on the culture of nationalism, mainly in literature and in literary history, is surveyed across the nineteenth century. Paradoxically, the scholarly expertise of the philologists was a Europe-wide field, but their commitment was in most cases to their own countries, for which they claimed and appropriated literary heirlooms. The relations between philologists were sometimes collaborative, sometimes competitive, and competition often took the form of international rivalry.

Industry figures show that whilst most attendees at electronic dance music events are young adults, older people are also participating. The changing demographic destabilises conventional readings of a culture hitherto associated with youth and reveals the shifting priorities and expectations of older people in relation to (sub)cultural participation. This chapter investigates the impact of this emerging trend and examines the role clubbing plays in the lives of older people. Drawing on the perspectives of participants over forty, it highlights the contradictory attitudes that circulate around the topic of club culture and ageing. Whilst the reported benefits of participation are significant, older people’s presence provokes polarised views and notions of belonging in the scene can be undermined by concerns about fitting in, appearance and feeling ‘othered’. The discussion foregrounds these tensions and explore the ways in which older people’s participation in club culture is provoking change.

This chapter presents our methodological approach, our case selection, our data sources, and the general patterns emerging from our comparative analysis of lawmaking institutions and outcomes. Our results shows that Argentina’s last dictatorship, supported by a coalition of factions with high levels of unity and embeddedness, featured a reviser legislature that amended and rejected higher shares of government bills than both the notary legislature created by Franco’s regime in Spain, which was based on a coalition of factions with lower levels of unity and embeddedness, and the oscillating legislature of Brazil’s military dictatorship, based upon a coalition of factions with uneven and unstable levels of unity and embeddedness.

Which of the following statements regarding comorbid anxiety disorders are true?

The Self, the Other, and the Telos of Prosocial Action: Paul and Ethicists Ancient and Modern: Ancient ethicists portrayed ideal behaviour as oriented towards the construction of shared selves whose interests are irreducibly common, whereas modern ethicists rejected the possibility of shared selfhood and so interpreted all actions along a spectrum of egoism and altruism. Paul’s letters appear to stand in the former tradition.

Although most salonnières of the eighteenth century were members of the elite European classes, this was not always the case. In some instances, professional artists became salon hostesses themselves. This chapter discusses one such story – that of Marie-Emanuelle Bayon (1746–1825), a professional composer and keyboardist who went from being a salon habituée and participant to assuming the role of hostess herself. While the surviving evidence about Bayon’s life and career is scant, it seems that Bayon may have used the institution of the salon as part of a strategy to navigate the complexities of being a woman artist. On the one hand, she needed to make a living through her artistry, and for this, she attained the patronage of her wealthy contemporaries, as well as taking up opportunities for teaching and publication. On the other, she needed to balance displays of her creativity and talent with the strictures that were increasingly placed on women around public performance and participation in the public sphere. Thus, even as some women sought opportunities to perform at venues such as the Concert Spirituel, there is no record that Bayon ever performed publicly. This chapter suggests that this may have been a deliberate decision to avoid exposing herself to the scrutiny and criticism that sometimes resulted from such public activities. She appears to have used the institution of the salon, first as habituée and later as salonnière, to navigate these social constraints.

Chapter 3 begins with how the Donatist controversy shaped Augustine’s theology of justification by faith because the Donatists represented the real possibility of having faith without charity. The chapter then turns to the key features of Augustine’s theology of justification formed by the Pelagian controversy, especially participation in Christ’s righteousness. Both controversies pressed Augustine to consider how justification is by faith if faith sometimes fails to justify, as in Donatists, lax catechumens, and impenitent Christians. In both de spiritu et littera (The Spirit and the Letter) and his sermons, Augustine addresses this through a deeper psychology of faith: faith only obtains the grace of justification when it is motivated by hope and fails if it is motivated primarily by fear. The chapter concludes with de fide et operibus (Faith and Works), exploring Augustine’s understanding of faith, works, and charity, his criticism of sola fide (faith alone), and his development of a new terminology for justifying faith: fides Christi (faith in Christ).

This chapter highlights the prominence of Polish women in salon culture as hostesses, audiences, patrons, and artists, focusing on the salon’s role in the process of professionalization of music for women. I have selected three Polish salonnières connected to Chopin’s Varsovian and Parisian circles: Maria Szymanowska, Maria Kalergis-Muchanoff, and Marcelina Czartoryska. These women’s combined lives span almost the entire nineteenth century, and their salon activities traverse Europe – from Warsaw and Kraków to St. Petersburg, Vienna, Baden-Baden, Paris, London, and beyond. All three were first-rate pianists who performed in public, but each shaped her role in the musical world differently to promote various artistic, cultural, and social agendas. While these salonnières were active in fostering Polish national and patriotic cultures, the geography of their endeavors also underscores the transnational nature of the salon, reminding us that artists and their hosts traveled internationally and cultivated cosmopolitan artistic and social networks.

This chapter identifies two vantage points for examining the Court’s account of the rule of law in response to populism, Article 6 (in particular, its ‘tribunal established by law’ and ‘access to a court’ requirements) and Article 18 (bad faith violations). It shows that in the former case the Court makes a sustained effort to bring its principles of independence and impartiality to the fore but equally fails to identify a distinct type of (infrastructural) alteration to democracy and the rule of law. In the latter case, it is argued that (the rise of) Article 18 rescues a deficient proportionality test. It calls for an enhanced test, one that can grasp and respond to infrastructural erosion.

3 dimensional ultrasound and colour doppler techniques can be used to complement standard B mode transvaginal ultrasound imaging in early pregnancy. Colour dopppler can assist in the identification of corpora lutea, localisation of pregnancy implantation sites and confirmation of early embryonic demise. It can also aid the diagnosis of retained products of conception and gestational trophoblastic diseases. 3D ultrasound can facilitate the diagnosis of uterine anomalies and non-tubal ectopic pregnancies.

In this case scenario, a 55-year-old male presents with symptoms of Ebola virus disease (EVD) after returning from a medical mission in West Africa. The patient reports fever, chills, myalgias, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and one episode of bloody stool. Upon arrival, he is in septic shock with tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension, and lethargy. Immediate resuscitation with IV fluids and vasopressors is initiated. As his condition worsens, he develops respiratory failure and pulmonary edema, requiring intubation. Laboratory findings indicate leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, transaminitis, coagulopathy, and metabolic acidosis, which are consistent with EVD. The patient is placed in isolation due to the suspicion of Ebola, and the case is reported to state and local health departments. The scenario emphasizes the importance of fluid resuscitation, hemodynamic support, appropriate PPE for Ebola management, and timely intubation, while discussing the management of exposure risk to clinical staff and follow-up procedures.