The half-century prior to 1914 was not just a belle époque of world fairs and art nouveau; it was also a period of increasingly contentious international relations, characterized by the developing force of public opinion. Patriotic humanities scholars acquired a new role as public intellectuals, ‘explaining the ways of history to men’. The French–German debates over Germany’s annexation of Alsace-Lorraine in 1871 were a formative moment in the longer time-frame of alternating lost wars between 1804 and 1918, marking the crystallization of French revanchism and German triumphalism. These debates became the breeding ground, paradoxically, both of Ernest Renan’s seminal and still authoritative ‘voluntaristic’ theory of national identity and of a type of chauvinistic propaganda that reached almost hysterical levels in 1914. The fervent jingoism of the Great War, fomented and rationalized by learned disquisitions from prestigious academics, marks the zenith of nationalism as a force in European relations. One committed participant, Emile Durkheim, recognized that self-righteous patriotism could lead to something like national narcissism.

This chapter engages with Barry Buzan’s Making Global Society and its deep-historical perspective on the evolution of societal orders. It argues that Buzan’s big-picture approach is undermined by his deployment onto deep history of disciplines calibrated for shallow times, and makes the case for an ‘anthropological historical’ approach adapted to the species-wide evolutionary framework implied in his all-encompassing historical narrative. To do so, the chapter begins with a recalibration of Buzan’s portrayal of hunter-gatherer society in the Palaeolithic Age, to bring forth major phenomena that he misses or underestimates, including those that palaeoanthropologists identify as the markers of a first human ‘modernity’. This alternative perspective on pre-agrarian society is then used to propose an alternative to Buzan’s conceptualisation of the institutions that structure human society in deep time, based on an evolutionary logic of differentiation experienced in different planetary conditions. The conclusion suggests that, when approached from an anthropological-historical perspective that takes the hunter-gatherer era and its distinctive societal order seriously, ‘global society’ can be conceptualised anew as a more primordial form of human association that predates the ‘inter-national’ and could/should accordingly be envisaged independently of it.

Chapter 3 is a short interlude. It deals with the novelty of Paul Friedländer’s philological approach to Plato’s dialogues and shows how his insights were decisive in the subsequent philosophical attempts to move beyond Heidegger’s attack against Platonism. Friedländer’s originality consists of a brilliant attempt to bridge the philosophical and literary dimensions of Plato’s writings and thus to propose an interpretation of the philosophical meaning of the dialogical form of philosophy. I show that the three key features found by Friedländer – anti-dogmatism, irony, and ineffability – all have a significant role to play in post-Heideggerian Platonism, but that these had to be further developed philosophically by Gadamer, Strauss, and Krüger.

This chapter introduces the Nambu representation for the pseudo-spinor fields and expresses the system Hamiltonian in terms of them. In this way, the anomalous single-particle Green’s function is made to match the form of the single-particle Green’s functions treated in Part I, where an even number of creation and destruction operators appear. On physical grounds, this approach exploits the fact that opposite-spin fermions are coupled in pairs. The special role played by the Hartree–Fock self-energy for a superfluid Fermi system is duly emphasized.

This chapter discusses the importance of conducting discourse analysis in L2 teaching and studying pragmatic norms in L2 learning. Without the knowledge about discourse and pragmatics, L2 learners might have difficulty conducting phatic communication, comprehending implicatures, performing speech acts, and appearing polite in L2 social interactions, which could lead to negative pragmatic transfer and intercultural misunderstandings. L2 learners’ motivation to interact in L2, attitude about L2 culture, or agency to accommodate or acculturate might be influenced as well. The chapter demonstrates how language teachers can analyze the L2 discourse together with L2 learners and provide pragmatics instruction to help them develop their pragmatic competence. It also displays some contextual factors that can affect L2 pragmatics learning and pedagogical activities that can promote L2 pragmatics learning.

Chapter 1 describes Gao Pian’s personal background and sketches the salient traits of his multi-faceted character. “Ancestral Geography” traces the clan history of the Bohai Gao to the Hebei-Manchurian borderlands and the northeastern Tang prefecture of Youzhou. “Military Men of Letters” outlines Gao Pian’s family legacy as a poet-general, giving particular attention to the example of his grandfather Gao Chongwen. “Patterns of Patronage” discusses the late Tang shift of the patronage system from the imperial court and the households of the central elite to the military headquarters of regional potentates. Gao Pian’s patronage of technical, religious, and literati retainers, among them several distinguished poets and authors, exemplifies this process. The section “Worldly Recluse” focuses on the religious dimension of Gao’s personality as a lay adept drawn to Daoist military strategy, alchemy, and the esoteric arts. Gao’s Daoist poetry shows how the upheavals of the period were reflected in lay religious experience and how Daoists sought to sublimate its violent conclusion.

Among the Jewish salonnières of post-Napoleonic Berlin, Amalie Beer (1767–1854) was one of the few to remain a committed Jew throughout her life. The home where she regularly entertained her friends and musical celebrities was also host to a popular yet controversial Sabbath service known as the Beer Temple, an early attempt to align Jewish worship more closely with the surrounding German culture. This essay investigates points of contact and exchange between the Beer Temple and the salon of Amalie Beer, placing the aesthetics of the musical salon in conversation with “bourgeois Judaism” and early Jewish reform. Though the organ, choir, and chorales characteristic of the Beer Temple are commonly framed as adaptations of contemporary Lutheran practice, I find that the Temple was equally marked by its parallels with the salon – not only its domestic location, but its visual trappings, sociability, gender politics, and musical functions.

The focus of this Chapter is the ratione loci - the geographical scope of applicability - of IHL during NIAC. This chapter is divided into four sections. The first section provides a critical examination of the orthodox ‘territorial approach’ to determining IHL’s geographical reach during NIAC. The second section explores and evaluates the principal alternative to the territorial approach, referred to here as the ‘battlefield approach’. While both approaches possess certain advantages and limitations, it is argued that neither produce entirely satisfactory results. As a result, the third section proposes and explores a third alternative: a ‘functional approach’, the utility of which is demonstrated by its practical application to select provisions of both the hostilities and protections regime. The fourth section examines the legal implications of extraterritorial military operations, and briefly explores three legal bases for crossing an international border during NIAC: the consent of the territorial state; Chapter VII authorization from the UN Security Council; and self-defence pursuant to Article 51 of the UN Charter.

Chapter 3 lays down the normative foundations of the investigation with respect to populism as an ideational construct. The main claim is that populism distorts democracy and corrupts the rule of law. More precisely, populism distorts democracy in depriving the democratic process from the requirements of deliberation and representation, which I take as constitutive of democratic legitimacy. The rule of law (thinly or thickly defined) is not only distorted – it is corrupt.

This chapter examines the ways in which barristers signpost new topics and topic changes when they cross-examine vulnerable witnesses in criminal trials. Topic signposting is recommended in professional good practice guidelines and toolkits when questioning vulnerable witnesses to avoid the rapid changing of topics that can be seen in traditional cross-examination. Rapidly changing topics can potentially confuse or disorient vulnerable witnesses and topic signposting is thought to help in focusing witness attention and give them time to adjust to new topics. Drawing on transcripts of 56 cross-examinations in criminal trials across the UK and Ireland, the analysis in this chapter explores the extent to which barristers are using topic signposting when questioning vulnerable witnesses, what the most common forms of signposting are, and whether it helps witnesses give their best evidence. The chapter also reveals instances in which topic signposting can give rise to unexpected difficulties in interactions with vulnerable witnesses.