Chapter 6 examines migration management aid in Ethiopia – a semi-democracy. Ethiopia’s history of foreign aid and migration is intertwined with intra-regional conflicts, the politicization of famine, and forced resettlement in service of centralizing control and statebuilding. The EU and its member states built on shifting alliances throughout the 1990s and 2000s to become the largest humanitarian and development donors in Ethiopia, all while pushing European interests in the region and overlooking the government’s human rights record. The EUTF grants fit within this pattern of conditional aid in which the EU dangled the carrot of €281 million, in exchange for ambitious promises to reform refugee protection. By the end of 2023, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, winner of the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize, had fought a devastating war in the Tigray region, relocated refugee camps, blocked aid to displaced people in Tigray, and redirected economic investments toward his allies. In the case of Ethiopia, migration management aid was used to tie domestic actors to central authorities in the refugee agency (pathway III), and ultimately to redirect aid away from Tigray (pathway II).

I present a case study in this chapter to illustrate the importance of moral psychology, fairness, and relative deprivation. There was little civic discontent in Ireland when the economy collapsed but, when Ireland had the fastest-growing economy in Europe, people took to the streets and ultimately voted the sitting government out of power. I detail a series of studies, mostly using ethnographic and qualitative methods, that revealed some of the historically ingrained cultural and moral reasons why Irish people passively accepted economic hardship and austerity during the downturn, only to protest en masse when the government introduced a bill charging citizens directly for the water they consumed. The water charge served as a symbol of injustice, and people took to the streets because they felt unfairly treated and deprived relative to others who were seen as benefitting during the economic upturn. It is not objective economic indicators, but rather people’s subjective understandings of these systems, that determine whether they are seen as fair.

This chapter explores the transformative role of spectroscopy in nineteenth-century astronomy. Early astronomers were limited to observing celestial motions, but the advent of the spectroscope provided unprecedented insights into the chemical composition and physical nature of stars. English amateur astronomer William Huggins’s pioneering application of the star-spectroscope, especially in his observations of novae such as T Coronae Borealis, challenged traditional notions of what could be known about celestial bodies. Although interpretive uncertainties, lack of laboratory analogs, and evolving theoretical frameworks complicated these early spectroscopic studies, the progress of nova investigations over subsequent decades produced both breakthroughs and ongoing challenges in linking terrestrial laboratory results with celestial phenomena. The chapter places Huggins’s legacy and the dynamic interplay between technological innovation and scientific interpretation into a broader context to show how astrophysics emerged as a distinct discipline.

This chapter describes how the various risks can be quantified, exploring the range of models that can be used.

This chapter explores the intricate relationship between our emotional abilities – that is, our individual skills and capacities to feel, engage in, sustain, or modify emotions – and the experience of vulnerability. It sheds light on three connections between our emotional life and how vulnerability manifests in our experience of self, world, and others. First, it introduces the notion of ‘affective mercy’, referring to the fact that, in shaping our affective experiences, we remain dependent on something that is not fully within our control. Second, proposing a view of emotions as modal experiences of value, it suggests that emotional experience inherently involves a sense of vulnerability. Third, it distinguishes explicit feelings of vulnerability from this more implicit, background sense of vulnerability. To clarify the relevance of emotional abilities for the experience of vulnerability, the interplay of these three connections is discussed via the example of vulnerable narcissism.

What might entitle agents or agencies that are not sponsored by the state, only by some other social group or organization, to represent their people in an international forum. A state-centred approach would deny that they ever have a title to such a role, while an individual-centred approach would hold that they have as good a title as the state. Both approaches have problems and the paper presents a third, more satisfying alternative. On this approach, such bodies may claim to represent their people insofar as the state enjoys standby control over their proposals, being able to oppose them, should it wish to do so, with a radical veto or a moderate refusal to be bound. Ideally, however, the state with such standby control will be required to allow the proposals to be publicized domestically and to provide reasons for opposing them, if that is what it chooses to do. Under the arrangement proposed, state-independent representatives will be able to explore innovative ideas collaboratively with their counterparts from elsewhere, to identify imaginative solutions to common problems, and to have the opportunity to persuade their own states, under domestic pressure, to fall in line.

This chapter describes a number of case studies relating to both financial and non-financial institutions.

The quantum theory pioneered by Max Planck and Albert Einstein emerged at a time when astrophysics, a phenomenological science still in its infancy, was largely concerned with stellar and nebular spectroscopy. Four decades later, after the original quantum theory had become modern quantum mechanics, astrophysics had to a considerable extent transformed into a celestial branch of the terrestrial quantum physics. It should be noted that the historical relationship between quantum theory and astronomy was not exclusively an application of the former to the latter. Much of the mathematical machinery of quantum theory, and also of quantum mechanics, was taken over from the older tradition of celestial mechanics, which was primarily an astronomical science (Shore, 2003).

This chapter is couched in my family narrative of economic development and personal travel during a global economic recession. I use this backdrop to frame – and make accessible – theoretical discussions of cultural psychology (the idea that individuals and cultures make each other up) and value pluralism (the idea that there can be different but equal sets of co-existing values, beliefs, and ways of life). I apply the idea of pluralism to diverse economic systems, tracing foundational orientations and debates around capitalism and socialism, animated by observations of the lived realities in the global economic systems I have travelled to.

This chapter focuses on the painful quality of emotional experience and aims for a phenomenological conceptualisation of affective suffering. This endeavour addresses issues such as the relation between vulnerability and emotions, the role of our embodied experience in painful emotions, the formation and deformation of our sense-making in affective suffering, the weight of passivity and activity in such experiences, as well as the role of a primary sociality. The phenomenological exploration uses Wehrle’s differentiation between experience-oriented and discourse-oriented approaches to encompass contributions from phenomenological psychopathology (Fuchs, Waldenfels, Ratcliffe) and contributions from politico-ethical accounts of vulnerability (Butler, Mackenzie, Rogers, Dodds, Boublil, Huth, and Thonhauser), combining structures of existential experience with the constitution of subjects through normative discourses. The concepts are illustrated by psychotherapeutic grief counselling. The objective is to offer a philosophical framework for practical psychotherapeutic work with clients and psychotherapy research.

This chapter explores the electrostatic discharge (ESD) behavior of ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies, focusing on fin-type field effect transistor (FinFET),nanosheet FETs (NSHFETs), and nanowire FETs (NWFETs). It begins with an in-depth analysis of ESD robustness in FinFETs fabricated on both SOI and bulk substrates, examining the impact of layout and process parameters such as gate length, fin width, doping, silicide blocking, and strain engineering. The chapter then investigates failure mechanisms under ESD stress, highlighting localized heating and material degradation. The transition to NSHFETs is detailed, emphasizing their gate-all-around (GAA) architecture, enhanced electrostatics, and sensitivity to sheet width, thickness, and stacking. Process challenges such as selective etching, sidewall metal contacts, and threshold voltage tuning are addressed. Finally, the chapter covers NWFET design parameters, including variability control, channel dimensions, and parasitic effects. Overall, it provides critical insights into the evolving landscape of ESD design for next-generation complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) nodes.