Stock options and equity-based pay are critical for executive and startup compensation. This chapter explores the roles of stock grants, restricted stock units (RSUs), and profit-sharing models in aligning employee incentives with company performance. It covers tax implications, long-term incentive plans, and common pitfalls in equity-based pay structures. The chapter provides practical insights into designing equity compensation programs that attract and retain top talent while maintaining financial sustainability.

The Self-Gift of a Crucified Messiah: Self-gifts in ancient discourse are about offering the self into relationship. The phrase ‘gave himself’ in Galatians 1.4 and 2.20 portrays Jesus as not ‘sacrificing’ himself but as giving himself as gift through his death.

Chapter 4 introduces the second section of the book by situating the theoretical framework of protest brokers within the South African context. Often referred to as the “protest capital of the world,” South Africa offers a rich and complex setting for studying protest dynamics and the role of intermediaries. The chapter begins by justifying the choice of South Africa as the primary case study location, highlighting its history of protest from the apartheid era through the democratic transition and into the present day. It provides a concise historical overview of protest in South Africa, emphasizing how evolving political conditions have shaped the forms, frequency, and actors involved in collective action. The chapter also outlines the empirical foundation of the book, detailing the case selection process and introducing the twelve communities at the heart of the study, as well as providing an overview of the data collected. This groundwork sets the stage for the chapters that follow. By anchoring the study in South Africa, this book demonstrates the value of contextually grounded research in developing and testing new theoretical insights.

Based on ethnographic research in Berlin and further research into early rave cultures, this chapter addresses the commercialisation of the techno rave in Berlin as part of wider transformational processes, and as a source for protests movements that promoted alternative visions, economies, and practices of rave such as free parties, teknivals, and parades. That Berlin was ‘poor but sexy’ became the city’s leitmotif from 2003 onwards, when Berlin was still cheap and grimy. Rich with creative potential, it was just starting to attract foreign investors. In the aftermath, Berlin was embedded in a global tourism industry to market its urban identity, also through its electronic dance music cultures. The discussion shows how music and culture are entangled with political-economic processes of neoliberal capitalism and how these are contested through counter cultural practices linked with electronic dance music. Gentrification and commodification of culture continue to be pressing topics in urban Europe at large and reverberate in the musical genres at stake.

In this chapter, we outline the unique advantages of systemic functional linguistics (SFL) to describe spoken and written discourse in texts and provide a strong foundation for English language learners to produce their own stretches of spoken and written discourse. We also provide practical applications of SFL theory through example activities based on a genre-based approach to language teaching using a teaching-learning cycle, which builds on Vygotsky’s concept of the Zone of Proximal Development and Bruner’s notion of scaffolding. SFL is a comprehensive and at the same time fully appliable linguistics. Learning a second language involves making meanings about the world, making meanings to interact with others in the world, and creating cohesive and coherent texts, all at the same time. Making choices from the language system is fundamental. By combining a social semiotic view of language with socially oriented theories of language learning involving semiotic mediation through scaffolding, second language teachers can be explicit about the linguistic properties of texts in context and offer the right kinds of support and guidance through cycles of language learning and teaching.

Chapter 1 describes the in-store decision-making process. The content is primarily based on psychological research, and the chapter serves to enhance the understanding of the rest of the chapters. For the most part, in-store decision-making builds on the shopper’s retrieval of latent wants and needs. The products in the store serve as ‘retrieval cues’ that, when seen, activate already existing needs. Hence, in-store decision-making builds primarily on visual perception where several non-conscious or automatic processes occur in parallel to maximise the chances that the shopper will direct the selective attention to the most ‘interesting’ products. While the limitations of the working memory force shoppers to be extremely selective, the human brain’s ability to run multiple, energy-efficient, and hyper-fast processes simultaneously makes it possible for shoppers to scan shelves of hundreds of products and divert conscious attention to only a very limited few within a few hundreds of a second. Due to the vast number of products on display in a store, a shop visit is one of the most visually complex situations modern consumers ever face.

In this chapter, I explore a selection of musical games performed at seventeenth-century French literary salons, where members of a coterie quoted recitative, parodied airs, and reimagined entire opera scenes. Though musical conversations were ephemeral, the outlines of the social practices can be reconstructed through a combined study of various types of sources. Letters crystallize conversations interwoven with opera fragments, while plays depict galant men courting women by interspersing sung quotations from contemporary operas into conversations, repurposing voguish spectacles as declarations of love. Manuscript chansonniers preserve parodies of complete opera scenes, substituting operatic characters with recognizable contemporary figures and refashioning the verse. By fostering spaces where participants ascended social hierarchies through their witty abilities as conversationalists, salon hosts transformed opera into an interactive social practice.

Disasters such as tsunamis can cause additional downstream technological disasters, such as industrial fires. Industrial fires release a number of toxins into the atmosphere, especially in factories and other industrial spaces. This case encompasses the disaster space, as well as more standard smoke inhalation, and forces participants to consider toxicologic issues as well. Learners will manage a critically ill patient after an exposure to industrial fire post tsunami.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding depression in schizophrenia?

Social relationships are a fundamental component of the human experience, and decades of relationships research supports their central role in health and well-being. This chapter offers a broad look at research on social support in the context of close relationships, with particular emphasis on the role of social support in health. We first give an overview of the foundational theories of the field and discuss how social support has historically been conceptualized. We then discuss contemporary extensions of this work, including theories of invisible support, perceived responsiveness, thriving, dyadic perspectives of coping, and the implications of technology for support processes. We highlight important research on social support in diverse gender and cultural contexts, emphasizing the need for intersectional perspectives in this space. The chapter concludes with a discussion of key considerations for future research and intervention.

This chapter addresses the tension between human agency and the brute forces of nature by exploring past and present attempts to control the weather. It begins by focusing on the various religious and cultural rituals that people have invoked in attempts to modify the weather. The objective of recounting these cultural practices is to extract from them observations about the underlying assumptions that guide such thinking: For instance, the idea that weather is an intentional force, steered by gods who may be listening; or, alternatively, the idea that nature is a mechanistic system that can, like a complicated thermostat, be adjusted to produce the right temperature. Bearing this in mind, the chapter shifts to a series of intuition pumps, all aimed to suggest that the forces of weather are always outside and alien, heteronomous, and that this heteronomy is encapsulated in the very idea of weather.

During the Early Republic, Virginia’s cities grew rapidly, creating a cosmopolitan society without precedent in the Old Dominion. Both the salon and amateur musicianship were hallmarks of a new elite urban society, as demonstrated in the life of Adeline Myers (1791–1832), the eldest daughter of the first Jewish couple to settle in Norfolk. The Myerses’ home had two capacious salons, household spaces that had come en vogue in elite Virginian townhomes at the turn of the nineteenth century. In these salons, young women like Adeline did more than display their musical accomplishments; they asserted their place as cultural leaders and innovators, especially during the social seasons that brought together the state’s belles and beaux. Beyond Norfolk, Adeline engaged with salon culture in Richmond and Philadelphia, where she regularly enjoyed the company of other Jewish women who shared her devotion to literature, music, and learning.

What evidence-based treatment is first line for addressing prolonged fasting secondary to a delusional belief?

Between 2015 and 2023 the Law and Justice government significantly altered the composition of the Polish Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the National Council of Judiciary. It has also expanded the power of the executive branch in relation to the courts. This process – which the majority of scholars and legal practitioners saw as a period of deterioration of the rule of law – also had a transitional justice dimension. In this chapter, I claim that the decline of Polish liberal constitutionalism was possible because the Law and Justice party managed to create an alternative constitutional vision – a counter-constitution, to borrow the term from Kim Lane Scheppele – the cornerstone of which was the belief in ‘legal impossibilism’. ‘Legal impossiblism’ was often understood to refer to strict constitutional constraints supposedly preventing the parliamentary majority from introducing crucial reforms. The analysis of the Polish constitutional framework demonstrates that, in the transitional justice domain, ‘legal impossibilism’ perceived this way is a myth. However, I argue that the previous government perceived ‘legal impossibilism’ differently: as restraints upon a radical shake-up in political, social and economic hierarchies. For the Law and Justice party, without such a change the democratic transformation remained incomplete.

A 50-year-old storm chaser documenting a tornado faces a life-threatening injury when the tornado propels his vehicle, causing a large metal object to pierce his abdomen. He arrives at the emergency department (ED) with the metal embedded in his abdomen, leading to significant distress and clinical deterioration. Upon arrival, he presents with tachycardia, hypoxia, and hypotension and is diagnosed with a tension pneumothorax, requiring immediate needle decompression and chest tube insertion. In addition to a hemopneumothorax, the FAST exam reveals free fluid in the peritoneal cavity. In the ED, the trauma team must navigate complex challenges, including managing the impaled object, performing a primary and secondary survey, and addressing the tension pneumothorax promptly.