In this third part of the book, we will consider extensions of the base logics with quantifiers. Before getting to first-order quantifiers, however, we will start with propositional quantifiers, a topic that provides a natural midway point between propositional logic and first-order logic. While proof-theoretically the quantifiers are fairly straightforward, their frame theory is surprising.

Although not every ecclesiastical interaction between Byzantium and the Latin West was contentious, the fact remains that most East–West theological exchanges were centred on a series of debates on which the two had taken very different positions, each viewing the stance of the other as either heretical or deficient. These four issues—the filioque and its place in the creed, the primacy of Rome, the Latins’ use of azymes in the eucharist, and Purgatory—helped to shape Byzantium’s interactions with the West for over 800 years, and even today prevent the restoration of communion between the Orthodox Church and the Church of Rome. To understand Greek–Latin exchanges in the medieval period and the ecclesiastical schism that arose between Christendom’s two most important sees, one must come to grips with both the theological issues that first caused the division and the last great, but ultimately unsuccessful, attempt at resolving them at the Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438–39).

The final two weeks of ‘Alamgir’s life is the focus of this chapter. It highlights various themes and characters (some important, others minor) to illustrate daily life at court at the end of his long reign while reflecting back on ‘Alamgir, his reign, and the Mughal Empire. There are sections devoted to the relationship between ‘Alamgir and his three surviving sons, the tensions between his sons and grandsons, the impoverishment of the Mughal nobility, biographies of some of his favorite nobles and last surviving wife (Udaipuri Mahal), conversion to Islam, and the ill-fated Mughal struggle against the Marathas. Other sections highlight ‘Alamgir’s physical and mental frailties, his extraordinary work ethic, his attentiveness to intelligence gathering, and the deep sense of personal failure and self-recrimination at the end of his life. Together these stories offer insights on ‘Alamgir, the court, and the empire on the cusp of a new era that everyone feared might be even less settled than the one drawing to a close.

Addressing adversity and hardships that readers were likely to encounter in ordinary life (falls into poverty or bankruptcy, loss of parents, lover, caste and home, malignant misrepresentations, sexual harassment, domestic cruelty), these fictions were described as novels. In modeling the idealized responses of characters from the mercantile and professional ranks or from the lesser gentry to suffering and misfortune, Eliza Parsons, Jane West, Elizabeth Bonhote, Mrs. Gunning, Elizabeth Helme, Anna Maria Bennett, Mary Meeke, Ann Howell, Isabella Kelly, Susannah Rowson and many anonymous authors promoted new, proto-Victorian values. Novels of Education addressed issues of parenting and upbringing up to and including courtship and centered on debates about filial obedience, especially in choice of a spouse. Marital Domestic Fiction debated issues related to adultery, divorce, widowhood, spinsterhood, and second marriages. Female Biography combined the two with elements of other genres to follow one or more characters through a “Life.”

This chapter focuses on James Parker who published influential works by colonial authors on scientific, literary, religious, and political matters, as well as plays, poems, and political treatises by noted English pens. At great risk to his business, Parker also published the outspoken magazine Independent Reflector, whose youthful editors (William Livingston, John Morin Scott, and William Smith, Jr.) successfully insisted on the separation of church and state in the establishment of King’s College, and staunchly defended press freedom. Equally important was his highly popular and innovative New-York Gazette; or, The Weekly Post-Boy that helped transform New York into a center of art and culture by the 1760s. Parker’s importance also relates to his own resistance to America’s first Stamp Act protest in 1756 as well as the prints, columns, and “extras” emanating from his press during the Stamp Act Crisis of 1765, the Townsend Acts of 1768, and the factious assembly elections closely tied to these events. More than any printer in this book, Parker’s full range of achievements has been overlooked. This oversight leads to the chapter’s conclusion on printing outside the margins, or not having access to print networks at all.

This chapter explores multilingual communication, both in wider society and in educational contexts. It discusses the term ‘translanguaging’ in detail, providing and explaining useful definitions of the term. The chapter also identifies and unpacks key terminology that is often used within translanguaging theory and pedagogy. It then goes on to examine real examples from research on translanguaging, including in wider society, in the family and in the classroom. The chapter reveals that translanguaging is a natural part of who we are and what we do in our lives as bi/multilingual citizens. There is also time to explore the difference between translanguaging and terms such as ‘codeswitching’ and ‘using the L1’, explaining why we prefer to write and think about translanguaging. Finally, the chapter concludes with a historical discussion of how and why countries and education systems have tended to promote monolingual practices, particularly in classrooms, and the challenges that this presents for us as teachers interested in adopting more multilingual practices in our teaching.

Chapter 1 specifically examines racial inequity in the Social Security Old Age/Retirement Insurance program and focuses largely on the original 1935 Social Security Act’s exclusion of disproportionately Black agricultural and domestic workers from coverage. It directly challenges and critiques the Social Security Administration’s public historian’s relatively recent conclusion that race played no meaningful role in the social insurance program exclusion’s adoption and resulting impacts on African Americans and similarly situated persons of color. It also explores, in less depth, discrimination facilitated through local administration of the means-tested welfare programs, and contemporaneous and intertwined racially infused legislative history of the respective means-tested and social insurance old age programs enacted in Titles I and II of the 1935 Act. It includes analysis of the influence of southern legislators’ efforts to preserve the postbellum plantation and sharecropping system’s exploitation of Black farmworkers on each program’s design. It also examines this statutory exclusion through the lens of equal protection doctrine to inform further the inquiry into the salience of race in the exclusion’s enactment.

TV-based modal logics have been used to investigate issues in epistemology, metaphysics, and normative systems for some time, but there has been comparatively little development of the relevant modal logics in these areas. This is a pity, since part of the interest in the relevant logic project is to develop philosophical and mathematical theories whose underlying logics are relevant logics.

This volume navigates the tenuous line between two contrasting realities. On one side, Brazil has long cultivated a rich literary tradition, whose highest achievements stand on a par with those of any Western national literature. On the other, this cultural wealth remains egregiously underappreciated, if not entirely overlooked, by international audiences. Brazilianists worldwide have worked diligently to reverse this scenario by advancing the recognition of authors such as Machado de Assis, Júlia Lopes de Almeida, Jorge Amado, Graciliano Ramos, Clarice Lispector, and Guimarães Rosa, as well as emerging contemporary figures. Translators and publishers have also contributed significantly. A broad array of works by these and other prominent writers is now available in fine translations into several languages, particularly English. More recently, readers around the globe have spontaneously shared on social media platforms their enthusiasm for Brazilian literature, further amplifying its visibility. Nonetheless, despite these achievements, Brazilian fiction continues to be internationally marginalized, especially within academic settings. Curricula focusing on world literature and comparative literature, for instance, frequently fail to incorporate Brazilian texts, thereby perpetuating their scholarly neglect.

This chapter turns to the forces of unity that drove patients’ publishing projects, focusing on the role of asylum periodicals in construing and maintaining real and imagined communities within and beyond the asylum. Producing and consuming periodicals brought together various actors with distinct skill sets, enabling, to a degree, transgression of the institutional boundaries that otherwise kept different groups of patients separated. This transgression fed into the representation of the asylum community as a family on the pages of asylum periodicals, reenforcing the institutionally imposed family model, according to which patients were ascribed the role of children under the care and protection of a father-like superintendent and a motherly matron. However, asylum periodicals show not only the manifestation of this framework’s application but patients’ active engagement with these symbols. Finally, the chapter explores former inmates’ continuous involvement in asylum periodicals, suggesting that some patients formed lasting and meaningful connections during their stay in mental institutions and relied on the asylum for support during their reintegration into society.