Vienna’s musical heritage is defined not solely by its composers and performers but also by an impressive array of distinctive instruments that have emanated from the city. This chapter delves into the variety of sound bodies that have shaped the city’s sonic environment: mechanical clocks with music, bells, string, keyboard and wind instruments, as well as their unique Viennese modifications. Designed and produced specifically for and/or in Vienna, they reflect the needs of their time and materialize the creative ideas of then-manufacturers, serve as popular tourist attractions or curiosities and transmit symbolic or social meaning.

This chapter analyzes how a network of discourses, sounds, images, and behaviors conveyed content in Colombian salons during the nineteenth century, producing a “world of meaning.” To do this, I study the salon as a part of a civilizing project, exploring how it articulated gender and musical practice under new forms of sociability while examining masculinity and femininity roles introduced and performed within the salon, often using music and dance as means for fostering social interaction among peers. Ultimately, such analysis suggests that the salon became a musical scene that played a prominent role in social reform as a medium for bridging multiple social class and distinction discourses with new ideas about civilization, modernization, social order, and progress. From this standpoint, salons became semiprivate spaces where music and socialization allowed the members of the new Colombian urban bourgeoisie to articulate their visions of the private and the public spheres.

Severance, buyouts, and talent raiding are key aspects of workforce transitions. This chapter discusses the financial and strategic implications of layoffs, golden parachutes, and employee poaching. It explores how organizations handle competitive job offers, counteroffers, and talent acquisition in dynamic labor markets.

It has been widely recognised in the legal as well as law and economics literature that both regulatory and private enforcement are needed to ensure the effectiveness of market regulation in general and EU private law in particular. This chapter unpacks the interplay between these two enforcement mechanisms, focusing on three major issues that arise in practice: the disclosure of evidence gathered by regulatory agencies, the limitation periods for private enforcement actions, and the combined application of administrative sanctions and private law remedies. The chapter constructs three models of the relationship between public and private enforcement – separation, substitution, and complementarity – and explains their main characteristics, manifestations, and implications. It also assesses the potential of each model to strike the right balance between deterrence in the name of the public interest and compensation in the name of interpersonal justice, as well as between uniformity and diversity in regulatory and private enforcement, and draws out some of the practical implications of this analysis for EU private lawmaking and enforcement.

The end of the War saw an expansion in the aims and contents of technology. Upon his appointment to the University of Lyon, Leroi-Gourhan quickly acquired fieldwork and training experience in ethnology and also in prehistoric archaeology. This led him to pay greater attention to the achievements of experimental flintknapping (as notably practised by François Bordes). Studying the different techniques used throughout prehistory for knapping stone tools could serve to characterize distinct epochs and civilizations, but also, so claimed Leroi-Gourhan from 1950 onwards, to ‘follow the gestures, flake by flake, [so as] to reconstruct with certainty an important part of the mental structure of the maker’. This innovative search for the ‘prehistoric mentality’ sets Leroi-Gourhan as a forerunner of ‘cognitive archaeology’, and it also led him to formulate the concept of the chaîne opératoire, which follows processes of manufacture and use from raw material to finished product.

Japan was anomalous in Eurasia because it suffered little from the fourteenth-century bubonic plague and the post-Mongolian decline of trade, but it underwent a commensurate set of miseries, brought on by nearly a hundred and fifty years of internal warfare. As urban life flourished once peace was restored, the substantial middling classes of Japan’s leading cities desired entertainment. Around 1600, Okuni and her performing troupe established kabuki. The shifting meaning of the word itself offers, in effect, a synopsis of the form’s first hundred years: It began as a radical affront to society, gained an almost immediate association with prostitution, and then eventually was recognized as a respectable theatre art. Kabuki competed for public favor with the theatre form now known as bunraku, which combined puppetry, storytelling, and shamisen music. The histories of these two forms are conjoined because each borrowed shamelessly from the other in their centuries-long competition.

Despite variation in their social needs and experiences, all humans require social connections to thrive. When humans lack fulfilling connections, they experience loneliness. However, while seemingly simple, loneliness is a multidimensional construct arising from varied social deficiencies and leading to varied psychological experiences. This chapter reviews the literature on loneliness, describing what it is, why we experience it, its prevalence and consequences, and what is being done globally to address it. In doing so, we highlight the considerable impacts of loneliness on individuals and society, its complexity, and the opportunities for future work. We close acknowledging the significant advancements made in loneliness research over the past several decades and highlight how this knowledge is being mobilized to advance the prevention and treatment of loneliness. In doing so, we hope this chapter serves as a useful starting point for understanding the problem of loneliness and the challenge of addressing it.

This chapter surveys the implications of linguistic variation and diversity for language instruction. Sociolinguistic research amply documents the occurrence of regional and social diversity in all languages; variability is a universal property of human language. Everyone has implicit awareness of this in their native languages, and it needs focused attention in second language teaching and learning. It is a disservice to students to teach them a normative standard and neglect all else. Achieving communicative competence in a language requires some familiarity with dialect diversity, social and ethnic varieties, stylistic practices, and the social meaning of linguistic forms. It is important to teach basic facts about the social status of a language in the places it is spoken, and the presence of other languages: French is dominant in France, co-official with English in Canada, but mainly an L2 in ‘Francophone’ Africa; most Argentines are monolingual L1 Spanish speakers, but half of Bolivians speak indigenous languages as L1. Ongoing language change is important for learners to know about, both to comprehend the new forms, and to be aware of how they will be perceived.