The principle of orality is a key feature of adversarial legal systems. It safeguards the right of the parties to present their case in court and for court hearings to be heard in public, underpinning thus transparency and procedural justice. The implementation of the principle of orality in legal proceedings has, however, been challenged in legal research and practice. The chapter draws on linguistic frameworks to explore the principle of orality from the theoretical perspective and question its implementation in county and family courts across England and Wales. Focusing on these high-volume proceedings, the analysis expands on the conceptualisation of the principle of orality, presents a novel methodological approach to exploring orality in legal practice and identifies court procedures that support and those that impede on the effective implementation of the principle of orality. To address issues with reduced orality and its patchy implementation, the chapter argues for the need to uphold the quality assurance of the investigative and evidentiary process, support court users through guided elicitation and provide scope for procedural flexibility.

This Chapter will provide a detailed examination of IHL’s threshold of termination and is comprised of five substantive sections. The first section explores the temporal architecture of Common Article 3 (CA3) and Additional Protocol II (APII) to determine what, if anything, conventional IHL has to say about is threshold of termination during NIAC. The second section unpacks and critically examines four doctrinal approaches for determining the temporal scope of IHL during NIAC: the ‘peaceful settlement’ approach, the ‘lasting pacification’ approach, the ‘two-way ratchet’ theory, and the ‘human rights law’ approach. While each of these approaches possess certain advantages and limitations, it is argued that none produce entirely satisfactory results. For this reason, the third section revisits the logic that underpins and informs the theory and practice of IHL’s temporal scope during NIAC. Following from this analysis, the fourth  section proposes an alternative ‘functional approach for determining IHL’s threshold of termination during NIAC, and demonstrates the utility of the ‘functional approach’ over existing approaches by exploring its practical application to specific examples from the hostilities regime and the protections regime during NIAC.

This case presents a simulated scenario of a bioterrorism attack involving the deliberate release of Francisella tularensis (tularemia) in rural farming communities. The scenario challenges participants to manage an overwhelming influx of patients presenting to a rural hospital’s emergency department with varying symptoms of tularemia, including ulceroglandular disease, pneumonia, and sepsis. The hospital faces severe limitations in critical care resources, such as ventilators and ICU beds, requiring a transition from conventional to crisis-level care. Participants are tasked with diagnosing tularemia without on-site diagnostic tools, stabilizing patients, and utilizing emergency management resources, such as the hospital incident command system (HICS). The scenario also emphasizes the need for effective communication with public health agencies, the recognition of a bioterrorism event, and ethical decision-making in allocating scarce resources. Additionally, participants must navigate the complexities of national emergency preparedness and response systems to mitigate the impact of the attack on healthcare operations.

This chapter is a review of evidence-based relationship education (RE), meaning education to promote healthy couple relationships whose content is informed by the psychology of intimate relationships, and evaluated in methodologically rigorous trials. We describe two broad approaches to RE and their theoretical underpinnings: assessment with feedback and curriculum-based RE. The chapter analyses how RE can be tailored for different stages of the family life cycle and made easily accessible by using different modes of delivery (e.g., face-to-face, online, and via apps on smart devices). The effectiveness of RE approaches and the factors influencing RE effects are summarized via an umbrella review of recent meta-analyses of outcome research. We conclude that future directions for research and practice should include expanding the diversity of RE theory and content to address diversity in culture, life circumstances, and gender diversity of couple relationships; and extending the reach of RE.

Vienna enjoys particularly high esteem as a city of music, a reputation that emerged long ago and still holds true today. This chapter considers the Viennese institutions focused on music as a prime generator of the frequent and the frequently high level of musical activity, discussing inter alia churches, the Tonkünstler-Societät, the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, the Vienna Philharmonic and twentieth-century institutions such as the Wiener Konzertverein and the Vienna Symphony Orchestra.

Chapter 7 is the first of seven chapters on store atmospherics. The term indicates that the atmosphere is under the retailer’s control, and it is an idea that has been researched for over 50 years. Most research studies on store atmospherics rely on the Mehrabian−Russell model (the M-R-model). The M-R model is a stimulus-organism-response model. That is, it looks at the effect of a stimulus (e.g., the store environment) on the shoppers; emotions that in turn influence shopper behaviour. The effect on the shopper behaviour is indirect since behaviour is altered only as a consequence of the shoppers' shifted emotions. A common way to measure emotions is to use the pleasure, arousal, and dominance (PAD) scale. In a next step, a common way to measure the behavioural outcome is to estimate shoppers' approach/avoidance in terms of how much time and money they spend as well as whether they try to approach or avoid others in the store. Pleasure is typically found to correlate with higher spending. Arousal is often found to amplify positive/negative emotions. Some studies have found support for an optimal level of stimulation where too little arousal leads to shoppers spending less because they are not sufficiently aroused, while too much stimulation also has a negative effect on the shopper’s behaviour.

The Postscript outlines the aftermath of Gao Pian’s assassination, in Huainan and beyond, formulates several salient conclusions, and pinpoints the historiographical issues the book raises. In “A Meeting of Ghosts,” Gao Pian’s spirit makes an appearance in Runzhou in the company of three historical statesmen, all past victims of political violence. The apparition takes place in 907, shortly after the Tang’s demise. “Auguries of a New Order” narrates the fall of the Tang, describes the multipolar structure of power rising from the ruins of the empire, and analyzes Gao Pian’s part in shaping that emerging new order. “Fact and Fiction” then asks what can be learned from the divergences between Gao’s image in contemporary writings and official historiography. “Center and Periphery,” finally, discusses the historiographical focus of this book on regional perspectives and individual biography and, more generally, the capacity of microhistory to throw light on macrohistorical events.

Chapter 2 examines changes in colonial mercy proceedings from the late 1940s to the 1960s, and the tensions that arose between decolonisation and British involvement in determining the fate of condemned prisoners. These tensions were apparent in cases from British Guiana, Malaya and Kenya, among others, but in the immediate aftermath of British abolition they were especially pronounced in the Bahamas, which had a constitutionally advanced system of internal self-government and where, in 1968, British ministers prevented the execution of two prisoners whom locally elected political leaders and the governor had decided should hang. Analysis of these cases reveals the dynamics of death penalty culture and political debates in the Bahamas and demonstrates that Britain could not divorce itself from the ramifications of colonial capital cases, even as successive British governments remained formally committed to the Creech Jones doctrine that they should not interfere in determining the fate of condemned prisoners.

This chapter examines the founding doctrine of the Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière (SFIO) and heterodox challenges to socialist orthodoxy within the party. Though “doctrine” was an important guarantor of party unity and identity, heterodox challenges to this doctrine were not in themselves enough to provoke a schism within the SFIO. The more determinant factor behind the 1933 “neo-socialist schism” was the practical question of socialist ministerial participation in bourgeois governments. The doctrinal status of ministerial participation was, however, ambiguous according to the founding texts of the SFIO, raising the question of how the factional debate over ministerial participation was transmuted from a “tactical” debate into a question of “doctrine” and thus of the boundaries of legitimate socialist identity.

This chapter discusses the problematic but ubiquitous attempts by nineteenth-century linguists to map languages onto language areas and to map states onto those. Languages occupy an uneasy scalar position between dialects and language families: ‘splitters’ will concede an independent status to smaller variants, ‘lumpers’ will group all these variants together into greater wholes. By the same logic, sometimes small language areas are seen as the separate territorial footprints of independent language groups justifying their separate nationhood, while others might claim those areas as part of a larger national whole, as in the case of German expansionism vis-à-vis Schleswig-Holstein and the Low Countries. This chapter discusses the uneasy scalar taxonomy of the Slavic language family as treated by ‘lumping’ pan-Slavic and ‘splitting’ separatist tendencies. The macronationalism of language families constituted a support network for separate national movements in various countries (as in the case of pan-Celticism or pan-Slavism). Macronationalism could also shade into a racial logic for ethnolinguistic macro-groups such as the speakers of Germanic, Indo-European or putative ‘Turanian’ languages.