Meteorites are classified using a hierarchical scheme based on the degree of relatedness of samples. Chondrite groups are typically from a single parent body; clans and classes are clusters of related groups that accreted in similar regions of the solar nebula. Classification of a new meteorite requires visual observation of macroscopic characteristics, microscopic examination of textures, and analyses of minerals. Isotopic or bulk compositional data may also be acquired.

The Irish parliament was abolished in 1800 and those who supported its abolition were then and thereafter known as unionists. The 1798 rebellion, organized by Irish republicans led by Wolfe Tone, incorporating Catholic and Protestant and partly supported by the French, had alarmed the British. Most Penal legislation was gone by 1792 but Catholics were still not allowed to stand for parliament. Daniel O’Connell challenged this with a campaign culminating in Catholic Emancipation in 1829, and his subsequent campaign to repeal the union continued this constitutional nationalism. Various administrative, legal and educational reforms in the 1830s dismantled Protestant privilege some more. Meanwhile, the population of the poorest continued to grow, surviving precariously on the potato, until over a million died in the Great Famine of 1845–1849, and another 900,000 panic-emigrated. The small and unsuccessful Young Ireland rebellion of 1848 expressed a physical force nationalism that O’Connell had disavowed, and kept the focus on Irish grievances.

By 1850, the Irish language was in serious decline all over the country.

Chapter 5 examines the distinctive characteristics of Nordic leadership at the individual level, highlighting how cooperation and consensus-building form its core. It introduces the concept of “wicked problems” to demonstrate why Nordic leadership approaches – characterized by humility, collaboration, and democratic engagement – are particularly well-suited for addressing complex sustainability challenges. The chapter identifies key Nordic leadership norms including cooperation, modesty, humanism, and democracy, contrasting them with more hierarchical approaches common in American business. Through analysis of how Nordic leaders navigate complex challenges, it demonstrates why these leadership practices are increasingly relevant for addressing global sustainability challenges. The chapter concludes by arguing that while Nordic leadership may not suit every situation, its emphasis on cooperation and stakeholder engagement offers valuable lessons for tackling the complex, interconnected problems represented by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

This essay pursues an ontological understanding of consultations at Dodona. The premise of this investigation is that if we are to understand a divinatory consultation as the Greeks themselves did, then we need to put aside our own Western Post-Enlightenment (largely secular) ontological assumptions concerning the existence of supernatural beings and view the world through the ontological assumptions of the Greeks themselves. This is a much more radical suggestion than the traditional injunction of putting on the cultural filters of the ancient Greeks, in as much as that step is then invariably followed by an act of cultural translation (which all too often is a ‘mistranslation’). The practice of divination, therefore, should be analysed in emic terms and then described in those terms as well, rather than being re-described in our own terms. Nevertheless, the emic understanding of a consultation can be enhanced by the application of Actor-Network Theory and an Object-Oriented Ontology, since they reveal the implicit social dynamics involved in consulting and interpreting oracles.

Whether on- or off-stage, the priests of Irish drama exert power to censor debate and restrict behaviour both in public and domestic spaces. John Millington Synge explores the agency of the absent priest whose parishioners become his delegates. Playwrights such as John B. Keane demonstrate the consequences of defying the priest. Such assertive characters are often female, as in works by Sean O’Casey and James McKenna. While O’Casey satirises the priest’s excessive influence, Brian Friel portrays the clergy’s ability to detroy individual reputations with pathos. Following a tradition of antagonistic relations between Anglo-Irish drama and religion, and in contexts of social change, authors such as Tom Murphy, Sebastian Barry, Jim Nolan, and Billy Roche consider topics such as the sacred, epiphany, and forgiveness in strikingly priestless dramas.

Chapter 8 critically examines key critiques and limitations of Nordic capitalism, with particular focus on its fundamental contradiction: While celebrated as sustainability leaders, Nordic nations consume resources at rates requiring multiple Earths’ worth of regenerative capacity – a reality that fundamentally undermines their global reputation and demands urgent action. Through systematic analysis of common “Yeah, but” dismissals, the chapter explores how Nordic societies navigate tensions between sustainability ambitions and consumption practices, immigration and welfare state maintenance, and racial equality and social cohesion. While acknowledging these serious challenges, particularly the urgent need to address overconsumption, it demonstrates how Nordic societies’ democratic institutions enable constructive responses to complex problems. It argues that examining Nordic shortcomings yields valuable insights for other nations seeking to advance sustainable development through democratic means. The chapter concludes that maintaining curiosity and openness to learning from others’ experiences – both successes and failures – is essential for addressing global sustainability challenges.

This chapter argues that the interpretation of the dialogue should not be constrained by its relationship to the Apology, as has often been done, and that its chronological place among the dialogues is uncertain. The dialogue should be interpreted in its own terms.

This chapter traces the ECtHR’s growing authority and legitimacy in the post-1990 era to explain how it emerged as a new legal venue for workers marginalized by domestic neoliberal restructuring. Based on original data compiled in StrasLab, a comprehensive database of ECtHR labor cases, the chapter offers a systematic account of how labor rights claims have gained ground within the Court’s evolving jurisprudence. It analyzes how the Court’s interpretation of key Convention provisions gradually expanded to cover a wide range of issues, including dismissals, wage cuts, surveillance, discrimination, forced labor, workers’ health and safety, and trade union rights. Zooming in on trade union rights, the chapter identifies three temporal shifts in the Court’s jurisprudence. During the initial period, the ECtHR largely adhered to a narrow reading of labor rights and rejected most claims. This was followed by the golden years for trade unions at the ECtHR, when the Court significantly expanded protections under Article 11 and issued groundbreaking rulings advancing trade union rights. In recent years, however, mounting political backlash has led to a more cautious posture: while the Court has refrained from rolling back existing protections, it has hesitated to extend them further.

Biblically, we Jews identify God with Truth and Truth with Justice. But we also identify Justice in its highest form (tzedakah) with generosity or grace (hesed) and grace in turn with the beauty that finds its source and highest peak in God.

Religion is central to Seamus Heaney’s work. Alongside his preoccupations with Catholic and Celtic belief, ancient Greek and Roman religions are significant in Heaney’s methodological palette, in which ‘low intensity’ allusions to aspects of religious culture can inform operations of poetry and ritual. Greek and Roman culture provides Heaney with a repository of spirit-guide figures, symbolic characters such as Heracles and Tiresias, forms and tropes, including funerary rituals, burial, pilgrimage, and katabasis, and entire works which the poet reimagined, such as Sophocles’s Philoctetes and Euripides’s Antigone, in which civic and religious duties intersect in ways germane to the poet’s reflections on his own time.

This chapter shifts attention to the indirect effects of international litigation, specifically, how grassroots mobilization can be shaped in the shadow of official law. It examines the case of the Blacklist Support Group (BSG), a network of construction workers in UK who were blacklisted for their union activism. Even without favorable rulings from the ECtHR, BSG activists used the litigation process to amplify their claims, attract media attention, and apply political pressure. The chapter introduces the concept of “on-stage” and “off-stage” mobilization to describe how workers adopted an instrumental approach to human rights, invoking them in public campaigns while continuing to ground their internal discourse and solidarity ties in class-based themes. Drawing on interviews, participant observation, media coverage, and parliamentary debates, the chapter shows how BSG’s strategic mobilization of human rights yielded concrete victories – including major settlements, exclusion of blacklisting firms from public contracts, and formal investigations into police surveillance – that reshaped the political terrain for labor activism.