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This Element introduces the theory of segmented polity to address the misfit between dominant state-centric political theories and the hybrid realities of contemporary governance. Segmented polities are contested, partial, and constrained but nonetheless develop autonomous policymaking capacities and distinct social constituencies. The EU exemplifies this form, blending supranational and intergovernmental traits within a statist political order. Grounded in organization theory and institutionalism, the Element provides empirical analysis of the internal market and security segments showing how segmented polities operate across functional domains and generate bounded epistemic communities. While enabling policy efficiency, they also exhibit democratic deficits. The Element presents segmented polities as evolutionary responses to governance complexity and outlines implications for political science, international relations, European integration theory, and democracy studies, and proposes a research agenda focused on longitudinal, actor-based, and comparative studies of polity segmentation beyond the EU. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Dirty little secrets. Secret weapons. Trade secrets. Phrases so ubiquitous in music and audio technology culture that, in the twenty-first century, they serve as powerful mechanisms in the production and consumption of music and audio technologies and skillsets. Secrets and revelatory discourse serves to historicize, imagine and commodify skillsets whilst amplifying technological fetishisation. Grounded in historical and psychology scholarship, this book examines secrets and revelation as part of a continuum of the protection of tacit knowledge. Packed with examples and qualitative data drawn from trade shows, online fora, industry associations, retail, textbooks, and education, this large-scale study elucidates the mechanism of secret holders, secrets, revelation and listeners as being intrinsic to music and audio technology cultures. The results of this research illustrate how, in the potent distillation of music and audio technology knowledge and skillsets into commodified secrets, little to nothing is revealed.
Pindar was the single most important, canonical and influential lyric poet in the ancient Greek world, and he remains one of the most demanding and rewarding poets whose work has come down to us from antiquity. This volume represents the most comprehensive introduction to the poet and his reception yet published. Eighteen leading contemporary scholars contribute individual chapters that together help to provide a holistic understanding of Pindar's poetry, its major themes and its subsequent reception throughout more than two millennia. The book will be invaluable for students, teachers, and scholars, as well as those with a general interest in poetry.
The Romantic-era witch was a remarkably flexible symbol of political and social disorder. The then-recent seventeenth-century witch hunts had already revealed deep anxieties about the subversive potential of women, and the witches who stalk the pages of Gothic poetry and prose or glare menacingly from works of art by Henry Fuseli and William Blake embody revolutionary anger and the possibility of radical social transformation. Despite the fears surrounding such figures, however, the Romantic period also saw witchcraft open up in conceptually new ways, enabling writers and artists to envision alternative means of interacting in the world that were not predicated on the subordination of women and other marginalized groups. Here, Orianne Smith embarks on an interdisciplinary reimagining of witchcraft, women's writing, religion, and social reform, providing original insights on the history of witchcraft and its influence on public discourse, literature and art.
This is the first anthology of eighty speeches by forty-two world famous and under-researched African American freedom fighters, liberators and human rights campaigners living and working in Scotland, Ireland, Wales and England in the nineteenth century. Their pioneering and revolutionary works are supported by an in-depth introductory essay, author biographies, scholarly annotations and detailed bibliographies.
All these human rights orators testify to their lifelong 'fight for freedom' across their radical and revolutionary works. All their lives, they warred against the 'sufferings and horrors' of enslavement as a centuries-old 'cursed institution.' 'Words are weapons' in their fight for Black liberation. Across their life's works, they all protested against the rise of the 'spirit of slavery' in white supremacist and white racist US and British transatlantic societies.
From the early fourth century, the veneration of saints and relics spread rapidly across Christendom from the British Isles to Iran. In late antique Caucasia, the cult of the saints was immediately integrated into Armenian and Georgian identity and political discourses. It was used to legitimise royal rule, sanctify domains and dynasties, define political realms and justify political decisions.
This book is the first systematic study of this history. Discussing a wide variety of sources from Armenia, Georgia, Byzantium and Russia which have not been examined together before, it investigates the interaction of sanctity, holy relics, gender and politics in the medieval Caucasus, with a particular focus on Georgia. Nikoloz Aleksidze analyses three chronological eras: the first section focuses on late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, when the cult of the relics was formed in Caucasian writing; the second explores the medieval era, when the Bagratids ruled in Georgia and the cults of figures such as St George, the Mother of God and Queen Tamar were shaped and politicised; and the third navigates a similar entanglement of sanctity, gender and political rhetoric in Russian Imperial and Georgian national discourse.
This is the first scholarly anthology of nineteen narratives written by African American authors and published in Britain and Ireland in the nineteenth century.
These literary works share the powerful life stories of inspirationally pioneering writers: Charles Freeman, Phebe Ann Jacobs, Benjamin Crompton Chisley/William Jones, John Hart, John Williams, Henry (surname unknown), James Watkins, William Gustavus Allen, John Comber, Sarah Parker Remond, James Cheeney Thompson, Dinah Hope Browne, John Sella Martin, Lewis Smith, James Alfred Johnson, D. E. Tobias and Benjamin William Brown.
Their narratives are reproduced alongside an in-depth introductory essay, author biographies, scholarly annotations and a detailed bibliography.
All these authors testify to their lifelong 'fight for freedom' across their radical and revolutionary works. Throughout their lives, they warred against the 'sufferings and horrors' of enslavement as a centuries-old 'cursed institution'. 'Words are weapons' in their fight for Black liberation. Across their life's works, they protested against the rise of the 'spirit of slavery' in white supremacist and white racist American and British transatlantic societies.
Wolfram Hogrebe offers a robust, uncompromisingly metaphysical reading of Schelling's unfinished masterpiece, 'The Ages of the World', to propose a completely contemporary epistemology. By translating Schelling into the language of predicate logic and philosophy of language, Hogrebe also defends its metaphysical claims, equally foregrounding the relevance and challenges that Schelling's work presents to contemporary analytic philosophy. Originally published thirty-five years ago, Hogrebe's book remains ahead of his time. It masterfully bridges the analytic and continental divide - before most philosophers considered this a possibility - and successfully demonstrates Schelling's contemporary relevance and vitality. Included in this translation is a new author's preface to the English edition, his preface to the Italian translation (2011), an introduction to the philosophical themes of the book by the translators who are prominent Schelling scholars, a Postface by Markus Gabriel, Hogrebe's colleague in Bonn, along with a readers' guide to Hogrebe's major works.
Reconceptualising language as a dynamic, relational, and embodied practice, this book explores the concept of languaging. Moving beyond static, standardised, and purified understandings of languages, it traces how communication is lived, contested, and embodied across urban, rural, and remote mobility, everyday encounters, classroom pedagogies, and digital platforms. Through critical analyses of First Knowledging and First Languaging, nomadic languaging and knowledging, racialised and AI-mediated communication, it highlights how languaging is both playful and precarious. It entails creativity and resistance, while also exposing language users to inequality and surveillance, and is deeply entangled with histories of colonialism, racial hierarchies, and displacement. Concluding with the concept of pedagogical languaging, the book calls for a reimagining of education as interactional design, rather than the delivery of standardised curricula, with learning environments where diverse semiotic repertoires - linguistic, embodied, cultural, and digital - are recognised as epistemic resources rather than treated as deficits.
Today, frenzy is the stuff of newspaper headlines. Five hundred years ago, it described a disease which could kill its sufferers within days. This book offers the first full-length study of frenzy, providing a fresh perspective on early modern understandings of mental illness, mind-body relations, and personhood. Frenzy was frightening not just because it killed its sufferers, but because it changed them beyond recognition. It gave the impression that what was then the most precious part of the person – the soul – was as easy to damage as the body. Frenzy in Early Modern England deepens and complicates our sense of what madness meant in this period, both to those who assigned the label, and to those who lived with it. This is an important intervention in the often-fragmented historiography of early modern madness, combining intellectual, social, and cultural history with the history of medicine.
The burgeoning field of differential equations on graphs has experienced significant growth in the past decade, propelled by the use of variational methods in imaging and by its applications in machine learning. This text provides a detailed overview of the subject, serving as a reference for researchers and as an introduction for graduate students wishing to get up to speed. The authors look through the lens of variational calculus and differential equations, with a particular focus on graph-Laplacian-based models and the graph Ginzburg-Landau functional. They explore the diverse applications, numerical challenges, and theoretical foundations of these models. A meticulously curated bibliography comprising approximately 800 references helps to contextualise this work within the broader academic landscape. While primarily a review, this text also incorporates some original research, extending or refining existing results and methods.
With a focus on nineteenth-century Cuba, Víctor Goldgel Carballo conceptualizes the analytical category of racial doubt: the hesitation produced by divergent, contradictory, or ambiguous understandings of race. Racial doubt is the flip side of racialism, or of the assumption that social hierarchies are based on the existence of races, imagined as natural or prior to those hierarchies. Mapping key moments of a century that witnessed the peak of racial slavery, abolition, and the birth of the Black press, this book shows how captives, free people of color, and Afro-Cuban authors leveraged doubts to overcome racist sociopolitical structures. It interweaves analyses of literature, including poems by enslaved authors and a novel by a mixed-race journalist, with unpublished archival material, including testimonies of kidnapped Afrodescendants. Focusing on how people held multiple views of race simultaneously, it examines debates crucial to the history of the Americas, including color-blindness and shifting understandings of Blackness.
The oil industry today sponsors dozens of citizen advocacy organizations. Often called 'front groups' or 'astroturf,' they have become key actors in fossil fuel companies' political efforts across the US and Canada. People for Oil digs into these groups and the day-to-day ways they shape our energy future. Drawing on interviews with pro-oil organizers and citizen joiners, Tim Wood explains why these groups form, why people join, and how these organizations intervene in governance. He shows that while we tend to think of all corporate grassroots mobilization as financially secretive, many campaigns today are openly sponsored and long-lasting. This allows industry lobbyists to stake a claim to representing citizen voice. By making sense of the backstage logics and affective politics of pro-oil organizing, People for Oil equips readers to better understand important new players in today's climate and energy politics.
Past climate fluctuations significantly shaped human ways of life. This Element reconstructs the Southern Levant climate (ca. 1300–300 BCE) using high-resolution, well-dated paleoclimate records. Results show a 150-year arid phase ending the Late Bronze Age, likely driving the collapse of eastern Mediterranean complex societies. The Iron Age I saw a return to humid climate conditions, fostering highland settlement expansion and supporting the rise of the biblical kingdoms. This was one of the region's most profound cycles of collapse and revival. During Iron Age II, climate conditions were moderate, similar to today. The Achaemenid period began with brief aridity, followed by renewed humidity. Pollen evidence, along with additional data such as charcoal remains, was employed to trace environmental changes, including variations in the composition of natural vegetation. Human impacts on the environment were also identified, including fruit tree cultivation, deforestation, overgrazing, the introduction of new plant species, and landscape terracing.
Monetary policy implementation refers to the mechanism for interbank payments, the set of administered interest rates, and the strategy for central bank actions designed to achieve an intermediate monetary policy goal – for example a target for an overnight nominal interest rate. This piece shows the implications of the Poole model – a common framework used to articulate ideas about monetary policy implementation – for corridor and floor systems of monetary policy implementation. A general equilibrium Poole-type dynamic model is also studied, which shows where Poole-type analysis can go wrong. Given current interest in how large central bank balance sheets and floor systems matter, the author also analyzes a general equilibrium model of quantitative easing and discusses issues with quantitative easing and monetary policy.
This Element's contribution explores the historiography of madness in the Modern era, including landmark publications in the overlapping fields of the history of psychiatry and the history of lunatic asylums. As this examination of almost 200 academic works will demonstrate, the field is vast and highly contested, with researchers sometimes disagreeing about the basic terms of analysis. Nevertheless, from Foucault to Fanon, from Goffman to Gilman, these debates about social and medical responses to madness have inspired some of the most influential academic scholarship of the twentieth century. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
In multilevel governance systems, member states work together to address cross-border problems, yet people still lack a clear understanding of how and why their policies differ or converge. Existing research offers many explanations but often treats them separately or overstates the EU's independent influence. This Element brings these perspectives together in a single framework of policy dynamics. It distinguishes policy areas shaped mainly by EU institutions or member states, or by their interaction. It introduces an actor-centered typology of policy dynamics – stable patterns of actors, incentives, and mechanisms that shape policy over time. The Element shows that these dynamics matter only when governments, interest groups, and NGOs have the incentives, capacity, and leverage to build coalitions and pursue goals. The policy dynamics framework helps learners identify likely causal mechanisms and supports clearer comparison, explanation, and teaching of EU policymaking. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This Element adopts a psychosocial historical approach to explore the psychological functioning of Cleopatra VII, the last ruler of the Ptolemaic royal house. It investigates key themes that emerge from the data, including childhood trauma and displacement, sibling homicide, her relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, her divinity, and her suicide. To examine these issues, the author uses a cultural psychological framework, supplemented with social, investigative, and lifespan developmental psychological models, to analyze each theme in depth. The Element also includes a critical examination of how Cleopatra's psychological functioning is presented in Roman sources, alongside a comparison with her self-presentation in both Egypt and Rome. When Cleopatra's actions are viewed within an appropriate cultural context, characteristics that are now associated with psychiatric disorders can be repositioned as appropriate cultural and executive responses.
The debate over the relative merits of adopting functional universal psychological principles, processes, and constructs (etics) versus particular structural idiosyncratic characteristics and behaviors distinct to specific cultural groups (emics) has been present in the anthropological and psychological literature for decades. Evident in the discussion is that the basic principles and processes tend to be universal, whereas theoretical concepts – and to a greater extent personal attributes, behavioral patterns, norms, beliefs, attitudes, and values – have an indigenous base. Recurring crises within the Euro-Meso-North-American scientific psychological tradition are traceable to the lack of cultural and eco-systemic sensitivity and an attempt to indiscriminately generalize findings across behavioral settings. Psychology requires an approach that integrates behavioral and cultural models for which an independent measure of structural sociocultural variables are included. The main argument presented within this manuscript is that the measurement of historic-sociocultural premises (norms and beliefs) achieve such a purpose.
Today's environmental decimation and climate crises have arisen from our drive for individual material prosperity. We even appreciate nature primarily for its fulfilment of our interests, whether economic productivity, aesthetic pleasure, or personal well-being. And yet, we still ask how we have reached this dire ecological condition and what it is that has kept us from acting effectively to maintain a thriving and diverse biosphere. This collection of essays by major scholars from around the world analyzes how the industrial, imperialist Victorian era gave rise to today's unwillingness to move beyond our acquisitive drive. But it also explores the Victorians' initiation of the modern environmentalist movement, formulation of the first legislation defending rights of nonhuman animals, and invention of literary forms for contesting environmental degradation. In this most unlikely of eras, the volume uncovers both valuable insights into the limitations of our own environmentalism and innovative suggestions for overcoming them.