This contribution describes the corpus-based approach to translation studies (CBTS) as it developed in the early 1990s. Due to their theoretical and historical importance, studies employing monolingual comparable corpora are presented first. These promoted a change of focus compared to parallel studies, and it is thanks to them that corpus methods gained momentum in translation research. Parallel corpus studies as well as studies adopting composite corpus structures specific to translation are then reviewed. An attempt is made at combining coverage of research methodologies and of research questions, in particular concerning typical features of translation and their linguistic realizations. The discussion of more recent developments addresses the heightened focus in CBTS on non-prototypical translation, the integration of corpus and process-oriented methodologies, multifactorial methods and research objects, and the theoretical modeling of translation. The case study presented seeks to shed light on differences in the use of collocations in original and translated language. It adopts a tripartite corpus structure combining the advantages of the monolingual comparable and of the parallel approach. Based on the methodological and descriptive insights gained through this study and the preceding overview, a discussion of limits and ways forward for corpus-based phraseological studies of translation concludes the chapter.

This chapter provides an overview of multimodal corpora, highlighting their significance in analyzing communication that integrates various modes such as speech, gesture, and gaze. The chapter defines both a mode and a multimodal corpus before introducing key types of multimodal corpora, including video-recorded interactions, corpora of signed languages, and datasets combining text and images. Prominent examples of multimodal corpora such as the ViMELF, FreMIC, and AMI corpora showcase the variety of multimodal corpora that exist and the various techniques employed to construct multimodal corpora. Challenges in constructing and annotating multimodal corpora are discussed, including temporal alignment, manual annotation efforts, and data-sharing limitations due to privacy concerns. The chapter emphasizes the importance of tailoring multimodal corpora to specific research questions while acknowledging the trade-offs of specialization. Advancements in technology, such as automated tagging and collaborative tools, are proposed as potential solutions to enhance accessibility and interoperability. A case study on turn management in virtual meetings illustrates the application of multimodal analysis, offering insights into how participants request and allocate turns in mediated contexts. The chapter serves as a guide for researchers navigating the methodological complexities of multimodal corpus-based studies.

This chapter uses aspects of numismatic evidence (circulation and weight standards) to examine what coinage can tell us about connectivity and regionalism in Archaic Greece. Coinage spread westwards and northwards from its beginnings in around 550, first in the Aegean basin (Aegina and other islands), mainland Greece (Athens, Corinth, Boeotia, Thessaly) and further north (Thrace and Macedonia). By 480 it had been adopted by a wide range of communities, but they represented only a minority of known states. They are characterised by a number of different weight standards – principally the Euboeic, Aeginetan, Corinthian and Attic. Early Athenian coinage consisted of the so-called Wappenmünzen, but these were succeeded in the late sixth century by the famous ‘owls’. However, Aegina was probably the first place in mainland Greece to have made coins, from about 550, and its plentiful coinage circulated widely. Corinthian coinage was also influential. Northern Greece saw several zones of production, while inland tribal communities produced very large coins as a way of exporting the silver from their mines. All these coins circulated together and are found in hoards all over the eastern Mediterranean, having been used in trade and mercenary payments. A link with trireme warfare is also explored.

This chapter examines William Burroughs’ extensive and experimental visual art practice, which spanned over four decades and included paintings, collages, photography, and sculpture – most notably his “shotgun paintings.” Often created privately and with utilitarian, even esoteric, intent, Burroughs’ art parallels his literary work in its disruption of conventional forms. The chapter traces the evolution of his practice, from early ink drawings and photo experiments to later works shaped by magic, science, and collaboration with an impressive range of artists. It situates Burroughs within key artistic movements and scenes – from Dada in Paris and Pop Art in New York to outsider art in Kansas – while highlighting the limited critical attention his visual work has received. Despite numerous late-life and posthumous exhibitions, Burroughs remains an underexplored figure in contemporary art history. This study calls for deeper scholarly engagement with his unique and enigmatic body of work, which continues to resist categorization and invites new interpretations.

This is the book’s ‘exit’ chapter. It examines how, following the success of the Truth Commissions in Argentina, Chile, and El Salvador, Truth Commissions were given an ‘origins story’. The argument is that this occurred in the 1990s through the retrospective redescription of Uganda’s 1974 Commission of Inquiry as the ‘inaugural’ Truth Commission. The 1974 Commission of Inquiry was established as part of Idi Amin’s response to international pressure from human rights groups (particularly the International Commission of Jurists). The chapter discusses how the redescription of the Commission of Inquiry began at the end of the Cold War, with the publication of an article by Richard Carver in 1990, and in 1994 with an article by Priscilla Hayner. The redescription of the Commission of Inquiry as a ‘Truth Commission’ turns on the extent to which it is considered an institution that advanced human rights, which shows how the authority of Truth Commissions has depended on their connection to international law from the ‘beginning’.

In this introduction, I explore theories of injury and ethnographic methods for studying them. I treat injuries and their causes holistically, as reflecting the wounding and coactive effects of an array of harmful exposures, historical circumstances, technologies, environments, and political systems. In conceiving of injury across different scales of time, I offer insights into what health scholars term the ‘secondary’ impacts of injury on claimants and their families. Increasingly, scholars recognize that compensation systems, medico-legal assessments, and claim-making practices themselves contribute to or cause significant negative harm and secondary impacts to both the injured and their families. In contrast to the medical language of primary and secondary illness, I argue for a participant-centred and experience-near approach, one that can trace the connections test veterans themselves draw across time and within their personal and community illness narratives, as they built understandings of radiation injury and harm. Original injury or exposure ‘events’ were narratively enfolded within the cascade of transforming and accumulating harms that participants experienced.

This chapter examines applications of corpus linguistics in language teaching and learning. It opens with the main stakeholders – for developers upstream and for teachers in and out of class. The main focus is on learners who can interact more or less directly with corpus tools and techniques in what has come to be known as data-driven learning (DDL). Following a chronology of DDL research, it then discusses various syntheses to see what they can tell us about the approach, and meta-analyses for a quantitative understanding of what it can bring. Though the overall picture is generally positive, the overview allows a critical step back on a number of issues to date concerning both primary and secondary research. It suggests leads for future studies, in terms of under-researched areas as well as improvements needed in methodologies. It concludes with a word on generative AI and its possible impact as a disruptive technology in this area.

This chapter explores the invention of coinage and asks what this can tell us about the world before coinage. Money has various functions and can be documented before the invention of coinage. For example, from Sumerian times metals, especially silver, became the dominant form of money, replacing grain, and measured by weighing. Standard weights were used in Egypt, and are mentioned in the Bible. Monetary transactions can also be observed in Homer’s poems and some rare early inscriptions from Greece. Spits (obeloi) were used, sometimes in a handful (drachm), and these words were used later to denote coins. By the early sixth century, silver had become a standard form of money also in Greece. The first coins in the Mediterranean world derived from such practices and were struck in the kingdom of Lydia in western Asia Minor around the middle of the seventh century and were made of electrum, an alloy of gold and silver. Several Greek cities established on the Aegean coast, and controlled by the Lydians, shared in this development, as they did also in a distinct second stage, when in the majority of cities coinage in electrum gradually gave way to coinages of silver and (rarely) gold.

In this chapter, Davis Schneiderman revisits William Burroughs’ “Playback Trilogy” – The Job, The Electronic Revolution, and The Revised Boy Scout Manual – as a critical lens for understanding the contemporary challenges posed by generative artificial intelligence, misinformation, and deepfake media. Arguing that Burroughs’ theories of language, media manipulation, and technological control anticipate core dynamics of AI’s influence on culture and perception, Schneiderman explores how Burroughs’ experiments with tape recorders and playback foreshadow algorithmic systems that operate with unintended, emergent consequences. Situating Burroughs’ techniques alongside cybernetic theory and the escalating crisis of automated media, the chapter assesses Burroughs not only as a prophetic figure but also as a practical theorist of language systems gone rogue. From deepfakes to AI chatbots inciting violence, Schneiderman demonstrates that Burroughs’ methods – cut-up, disruption, playback – remain urgently instructive for resisting the logic of control in the digital age.

Burroughs and the monstrous have always gone together, and this chapter examines how not only his work but Burroughs himself was from the start defined in terms of monstrosity. It traces the origins of the association back to his early critical reception and even earlier fictionalization as a profoundly sinister persona in the novels of Jack Kerouac. The specific grounds for identifying Burroughs or his work as monstrous have changed over time, often focusing on ambiguously misogynistic, racist, homophobic, or anti-Semitic content, and on his identity as a homosexual and drug addict. His accidental shooting of his second wife, Joan Volmer, has cast the darkest shadow, but, this chapter argues, it has obscured the actual significance of monstrosity in Burroughs’ work. This, as critics such as Wermer-Colan and Stevenson have argued, lies in how he embraced complicity rather than hypocritically denied it, resulting in strategies that weaponize monstrosity as a mirror for the dark forces at work in the world.

An idea at the centre of recent debates about corporate purpose and governance is the apparently intuitive notion that shareholders own corporations. Though misaligned with academic legal opinion, this notion is rooted in common sense and as such is often used, explicitly or implicitly, to close down discussions about the position of shareholders as regards other stakeholders and the social role of business corporations. The chapter analyses the power and persuasiveness of this common-sensical position through the lens of discourse analysis, aided by concepts drawn from pragma-linguistics and sociology. It shows how common sense can be shaped by primary definers in strategic action fields to promote ideological precepts, such as, in this case, the ideology of shareholder primacy. To understand how the field of corporate control is structured and how it has evolved, what is needed is a deeper investigation into how common sense is produced, shaped, and curated over time.

This chapter examines William Burroughs’ complex relationship to paranoia and conspiracy thinking, tracing how these motifs function not merely as ideological content but as structuring principles of his literary imagination. Chris Fleming argues that Burroughs’ work defies categorization as straightforward “conspiracy theory” and instead constructs a worldview where causality is overdetermined by magical cosmology, genre logics, and a suspicion of all systems. From Naked Lunch to Cities of the Red Night, Burroughs explores power through occult forces, viral metaphors, and political subterfuge, yet his narratives ultimately resist resolution and totalizing explanatory schemes. Fleming contrasts Burroughs’ conspiratorial aesthetics with the “paranoid style” of the political right, including modern manifestations like QAnon, showing how Burroughs anticipates and subverts these frameworks through irony, ambivalence, and formal disruption. Rather than reducing Burroughs to “problematic” status, the chapter insists on reading his paranoia as artistically generative and epistemologically destabilizing – a provocation to critics and ideologues alike.

The explosion of Greek (and Phoenician) settlements around the shores of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea saw many of them adopt their own coinages with a rich iconographic repertoire, often religious in nature or reflecting a local activity such as viticulture. This chapter explores the evidence coinage offers for relationships between colonies and mother-cities, in some cases showing ongoing connections, in others showing the development of new regionalisms. Their coinages appeared quite soon after 550: in the east (Cyrene) and the west (mainly southern Italy, Sicily, but also southern France and Spain), while coinage in some of the cities of the Black Sea appeared early in the fifth century. Sources of silver are explored. Some nearby indigenous communities also made coins, adopting and adapting designs and weight standards.