In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, much of the rest of northwestern Europe joined Britain on the path of sustained economic growth. Several other economies began to grow as well, among them the United States and Japan. But many others lagged behind. Chapter 7 explains these divergent outcomes. It does so not by analyzing worldwide data on economic growth, but by examining telling examples of rapid economic progress and of stagnation and even impoverishment: France and Russia, the United States and Mexico, Japan and China, and – last but not least – Africa. These examples lead to important conclusions about economic growth in general and about how widely its rewards are shared. As we have seen, political institutions will matter, and so will religion. But inequality will make a big difference too. It may keep people from using their talents or create perverse political incentives that stifle education and the accumulation of human capital. The resulting differences in economic performance can persist for decades.

In Chapter 7 we focused our attention on particular solutions of the problem of three bodies, namely relative equilibria and homographic orbits. In this chapter we extend our study to a more general framework, in the light of the theories of Tullio Levi-Civita on regularization and of Karl Frithiof Sundman on the search of general solutions.

Given the flooding risks emerging from climate change, the chapter explores the amphibious transformation through counterproposals to terra-centric urbanization. It addresses how and why cybernetics-based designs for Tokyo Bay in the 1960s experienced long-lasting marginalization but shaped the present ecomodernist approach to climate-resilient sea surface urbanization, like the United Nations’ “sustainable floating city” project. Ecomodernism is an environmentalist “school” and focuses on technologically decoupling socio-economic development from resource use and environmental degradation. The chapter argues that these 1960s’ cybernetic designs were counterproposals to the “tools of terrestrialization,” like dams, seawalls, and industrial-scale land reclamation, which the Age of Coal’s access to affordable energy had globally enabled. Architect Tange Kenzō’s and designer Buckminster Fuller’s teams devised artificial communication systems that replicated biological processes, returning urbanization’s attention to the adaption to aquatic conditions. The cybernetic designs sought to decouple urban growth from pressure on ecosystems, turning them into forms of proto-ecomodernism.

The Cambridge Edition of the Complete Fiction of Henry James provides, for the first time, a scholarly edition of a major writer whose work continues to be read, quoted, adapted and studied. This is the first full critical edition of James’s first major novel after his unhappy venture into commercial theatre. The Spoils of Poynton marks a shift towards the representation of complex psychological states characteristic of his later fiction, telling a dramatic story about the fate of the beautiful artefacts lovingly collected by the widow Adela Gereth and her late husband. Who do they, should they, belong to? The novel describes with extraordinary delicacy an intense family feud arising from the competing claims of those close to Mrs Gereth, and the ordeal endured by the young and intelligent Fleda Vetch as she tries to resolve it. This edition features a substantial introduction, explanatory notes, textual variants, bibliography and appendices.

Despite decades of theoretical conceptualization of racism’s complexity as a multilevel and multidimensional construct, the measurement of racism has largely ignored these important nuances. Prior empirical research has largely focused on interpersonal racism, its antecedents, and its consequences. The present chapter summarizes the variety of methodological tools that have been used to evaluate youths’ experiences with interpersonal racism. We highlight opportunities to advance the scientific rigor of each method and technique, with particular considerations for measurement inclusive of the Intersectionality framework. We also argue for measuring racism beyond the individual level. Cultural, institutional, and structural racism are delineated, and tangible recommendations are provided for advancing the measurement of each type of racism among marginalized youth populations. The chapter concludes with promising avenues of future research to support the triangulation of measurement and enhance the scientific understanding of the impact of racism.

This chapter examines the normative implications of understanding the pain of incarceration not merely as a deprivation of liberty but as a systematic threat to the fundamental human need to belong. In particular, it asks whether a punishment can ever legitimately deprive a person of a human need so essential to survival – on a par with food or water – and critical to human flourishing. In response, the chapter advances the view that belonging is a constitutive component of human dignity and contends that this recognition provides the foundation for a “right to belong,” including within the carceral context. The discussion then situates belonging within penal theory and conventional justifications for punishment, demonstrating how attention to both the nature of this need and its centrality to human dignity prompts a critical reassessment of the normative justifiability of imprisonment under core penological goals, while also inviting broader reflection on the relationship between punishment and pain. Finally, the chapter considers the implications for penal practice, considering how acknowledgment and protection of the need – and its potentially corresponding right – to belong might shape assessments of imprisonment along two dimensions of penal legitimacy: sentencing severity and the (in)humanity of prison conditions.

Interventions that support parental delivery of ethnic and racial socialization (ERS) have crucial implications for racially and ethnically minoritized families given that ERS provides cultural pride and resilience and helps youth prepare for potential experiences of discrimination. In this chapter, we begin by tracing the evolution of ERS theory and research, highlighting opportunities for using conceptual knowledge and empirical work to develop and implement ERS interventions. We next review the literature to highlight how ERS, in terms of both content and process, contributes to youth and family outcomes. We then describe existing ERS interventions that have focused on Black/African American and Latinx families, including a brief discussion of our own program, One Talk at a Time, which is the only ERS intervention to date that targets multiple ethnic and racial groups. We conclude with a discussion of current knowledge gaps and concrete recommendations for advancing intervention science.