Discrimination measures do not capture experiences specific to people who were transracially and transnationally adopted. Using a small measurement approach, a new seventeen-item measure of transracial, transnational adoption discrimination encompassing three dimensions – ethnic and racial discrimination, coethnic discrimination (i.e., cultural exclusion from being Korean), and adoption discrimination – was administered to 155 Korean American young adults. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis, tested for demographic differences, and performed correlation and multiple linear regression analyses to establish validity. The three-factor model of discrimination demonstrated good fit, and the subscale scores had good internal reliability. All three discrimination subscales were significantly correlated with one another. Ethnic and racial discrimination correlated with ethnic and adoptive identity subscales except ethnic identity exploration; coethnic discrimination correlated with ethnic identity affirmation and adoptive identity; and adoption discrimination did not correlate with any identity subscales. Ethnic and racial discrimination was related to psychological distress.

The Real Pain of Punishment explores the true pains of incarceration using insights from empirical sciences and people with lived prison experiences. The book highlights the concept of “belonging” as an unprecedented lens for critically interrogating the legitimacy of incarceration across penal theory, sentencing practice, and human rights frameworks. The chapters chart pathways for bridging the gap between the normative idea of punishment and the stark realities of prison life. The final chapter, written with scholars currently and formerly incarcerated in a New York State facility, reflects on how embracing belonging within penal approaches can inform responses to harm grounded in humanization, proximity, empowerment, and collaboration. With this chapter and more, the book advances a call for deeper epistemic dialogue within legal discourse on crime, punishment, and justice. This title is part of the Flip it Open Programme and may also be available Open Access. Check our website Cambridge Core for details.

This chapter aims to elucidate the associations between ethnic and racial discrimination and biological and physiological processes among ethnically and racially minoritized adolescents, focusing on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (or HPA) axis functioning, inflammation processes, and allostatic load. We first discuss the theoretical foundation for ethnic and racial discrimination and biological processes. Next, we synthesize empirical evidence on the links between ethnic and racial discrimination and HPA axis functioning (operationalized as cortisol activity including its diurnal rhythms, stress reactivity, and cumulative levels), inflammatory processes (operationalized as inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein and Interlukin-6), and allostatic load (a combination of indicators including neuroendocrine, inflammatory, cardiovascular, and metabolic biomarkers). Finally, we chart directions for future research and discuss implications for mitigating the detrimental effects of ethnic and racial discrimination on biological and physiological processes among ethnically and racially minoritized adolescents.

The Adolescent Discrimination Distress Index (ADDI) is a multigroup fifteen-item self-report measure designed to capture adolescent distress arising from perceived instances of racially motivated discrimination across peer, educational, and institutional contexts. Since its publication, the ADDI has been one of the most widely adopted instruments in the study of ethnic and racial discrimination among adolescents. This chapter offers a review and critical reflection on the contributions of the ADDI over the past twenty years and the potential boundaries it imposes on the field’s understanding of discrimination and associated academic, socioemotional, and behavioral outcomes among racially and ethnically minoritized youth. It concludes with a discussion of continuing challenges and future directions for use of the ADDI that can adequately capture and help reduce the burden of discrimination facing racially and ethnically minoritized youth in the current sociopolitical landscape.

Astronomy is the oldest of the sciences; yet it ranks prominently within modern science. The knowledge and prediction of celestial phenomena have been documented since the Sumerian and Babylonian epoch; that is, since the invention of cuneiform writing. The development of our astronomical knowledge has both intertwined and spurred the development of mathematics.

What would it take to build a belonging-oriented criminal justice system? In this chapter, I explore this question with five system-impacted scholars with living or lived experience at a New York State facility. Together, we map pathways for the changes needed to create a penal system capable of reconciling the demands of individual justice and public safety with a more humane and dignified approach to those in conflict with the law. The chapter centers on three interrelated themes. Humanization calls for understanding human behavior, including criminal conduct, across a person’s lifespan, taking into account individual, social, and structural factors that shape developmental trajectories and support the capacity for change. Proximity entails dismantling structural, moral, and epistemic barriers to collaborative dialogue on justice matters. It seeks to create spaces where diverse voices converge to advance solutions to social harms that foster accountability, prevention, and reparation, while challenging prejudice and distrust. Epistemic empowerment involves incorporating the perspectives of (formerly) incarcerated individuals into theoretical and practical inquiries regarding offending, imprisonment, and legal system reform, recognizing the significance of their contributions to civic, legal, and political conversations about justice and change. The chapter operationalizes the epistemic recognition of lived experience in legal discourse on crime and punishment, advancing a vision of justice that embraces the transformative value of belonging.