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2111 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 52 of 106

People Centric Innovation Ecosystem

People Centric Innovation Ecosystem
  • Japanese Management and Practices
  • Yingying Zhang-Zhang, Takeo Kikkawa
  • Published online:
    16 June 2023
    Print publication:
    06 July 2023
  • How can knowledge management function well in a highly dynamic VUCA context? This Element focuses on the context of Japanese management and practices to present the concept of people-centric innovation ecosystem. An overview of Japanese management is provided, from publications in English to the insiders' view of Japanese scholars, combining these sources with interviews and dynamic groups with local managers and case studies to illustrate the state and evolution of Japanese management and practices. Highlighting the people-centricity in Japanese management, its networked innovative capability sustains enterprise development in a highly dynamic VUCA context. The interconnectedness and mutual influence of Japanese and Western management have the potential to generate more general management advancements. This Element aims to contribute to the debate on generalization and contextualization, culture and metaculture, and the coexistence of convergence and divergence. Japanese womenomics and its implications for Asian emerging economic powers are also discussed.
New Frontiers in Language and Technology

New Frontiers in Language and Technology
  • Christopher Joseph Jenks
  • Published online:
    16 June 2023
    Print publication:
    13 July 2023
  • The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) describes the technological transformations that are incrementally, but radically, changing everyday life practices. Like previous industrial revolutions, technological advancements are so pervasive and impactful that everything from an individual's sense of identity and understanding of the world to the economic success of an entire industry are profoundly altered by 4IR innovation. Despite the significance of 4IR transformations, little applied linguistic research has examined how these emergent technologies collectively transform human behavior and communication. To this end, this Element identifies key 4IR issues and outlines how they relate to applied linguistic research. The Element argues that applied linguists are in an excellent position to contribute to such research, as expertise in language and communication is critical to understanding 4IR issues. However, to make interdisciplinary and wider societal contributions, applied linguists must rethink how 4IR technologies can be harnessed to more efficiently publish and disseminate timely research.
Displacement in War-Torn Ukraine

Displacement in War-Torn Ukraine
  • State, Displacement and Belonging
  • Viktoriya Sereda
  • Published online:
    16 June 2023
    Print publication:
    13 July 2023
  • This Element offers a multi-scalar perspective on the transformational effects of war and dislocation on people's sense of belonging. It begins with an examination of the brief historical and socio-demographic profiles of Crimea and the Donbas, stages of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, main explanatory frameworks as presented in the scholarly literature and policy reports, with a critical re-evaluation of identity-based explanations, and the directions of conflict-driven displacement flows. It examines state failures and the role of internal displacement governance in shaping new lines of social inclusion or exclusion through the production of multiple physical, symbolic and bureaucratic borders. It discusses Ukraine's civil society response to IDP dislocation and IDPs' engagement through various formal and non-formal networks. The final section explores the multidimensional and complex (dis)connections that IDPs experience with regard to their imagined past, their new places of residence and the social groups perceived as important in their hierarchies of belonging.
Nísia Floresta

Nísia Floresta
  • Nastassja Pugliese
  • Published online:
    16 June 2023
    Print publication:
    20 July 2023
  • This Element presents the philosophical contributions of Nísia Floresta, a feminist philosopher of education from the 19th century in early post-colonial Brazil, who defended abolition and indigenous rights. Focusing on five central works (Direitos, Lágrima, Opúsculo, Páginas, and Woman), it shows them connected by a critique of colonialism grounded on feminist principles. Influenced by the practical Cartesianism of Poulain de la Barre through the pamphlets of Sophia, Floresta applies to the social structures the feminist principle that reason has no gender, arguing that a nation's civilizational level depends on whether natural equality is expressed in terms of social rights. Describing the suffering experienced by women, indigenous people, and the black enslaved population, she defends education as a strategy against colonialism. As such, education should aim towards physical and intellectual emancipation, restoring the lost dignity of individuals. Floresta's works thus foreground slavery and colonization as events that shaped philosophical modernity.
The Early Development of Project Gutenberg c.1970–2000

The Early Development of Project Gutenberg c.1970–2000
  • Simon Rowberry
  • Published online:
    15 June 2023
    Print publication:
    29 June 2023
  • Project Gutenberg is lauded as one of the earliest digitisation initiatives, a mythology that Michael Hart, its founder perpetuated through to his death in 2011. In this Element, the author re-examines the extant historical evidence to challenge some of Hart's bolder claims and resituates the significance of Project Gutenberg in relation to broader trends in online document delivery and digitisation in the latter half of the twentieth century, especially in the World Wide Web's first decade (the 1990s). Through this re-appraisal, the author instead suggests that Hart's Project is significant as an example of what Millicent Weber has termed a “digital publishing collective” whereby a group of volunteers engage in producing content and that process is as meaningful as the final product.
The Full Armor of God

The Full Armor of God
  • The Mobilization of Christian Nationalism in American Politics
  • Paul A. Djupe, Andrew R. Lewis, Anand E. Sokhey
  • Published online:
    15 June 2023
    Print publication:
    29 June 2023
  • Academic research on Christian nationalism has revealed a considerable amount about the scope of its relationships to public policy views in the US. However, work thus far has not addressed an essential question: why now? Research by the authors of this Element advances answers, showcasing how deeper engagement with 'the 3Ms' – measurement, mechanisms and mobilization – can help unpack how and why Christian nationalism has entered our politics as a partisan project. Indeed, it is difficult to understand the dynamics of Christian nationalism without reference to the parties, as it has been a worldview used to mobilize Republicans while simultaneously recruiting and demobilizing Democrats. The mechanisms of these efforts hinge on a deep desire for social dominance that is ordained by God – an order elites suggest is threatened by Democrats and 'the left.' These elite appeals can have sweeping consequences for opinion and action, including the public's support for democratic processes.
Evolution of the Automobile Industry

Evolution of the Automobile Industry
  • A Capability-Architecture-Performance Approach
  • Takahiro Fujimoto
  • Published online:
    12 June 2023
    Print publication:
    29 June 2023
  • This Element applies capability-architecture-performance (CAP) approach of industrial analysis to the evolution of the automobile industry and the strategies of its leading manufacturing firms between the late 19th century and the early 21st century. It regards a manufacturing site ('genba,' such as factory, development facility, etc.) and a product (and other economic artifacts, such as processes) as the two basic units of analysis. Both an industry and a firm can be seen as a collection of sites, as well as a collection of products. The CAP framework predicts that dynamic fits between the sites' organizational capabilities and the product/process architectures lead to sustainable competitive performance. Such key concepts as flows of value-carrying design information, productive/market/profit performance, design-based comparative advantage, integral/modular architectures, multi-skilling, coordinative capability-building, evolutionary capabilities, industry lifecycle, and architectural evolution are discussed in a systematic and dynamic way.
Christian Philosophy and the Problem of God

Christian Philosophy and the Problem of God
  • Charles Taliaferro
  • Published online:
    12 June 2023
    Print publication:
    06 July 2023
  • Questions are raised about Christian philosophy and God. Is Christian philosophy truly philosophical? Is it Biblical? Is it capable of addressing God, a profoundly transcendent being? Does appealing to a God's eye point of view make sense? Can Christian philosophy respect religious diversity? While the integrity of Christian philosophy is defended, questions are raised about its relationship to the overall practice of philosophy. Christian philosophers value drawing others to Christian faith. Are Christian apologetics compatible with philosophy? This Element concludes with reflection on when it may be philosophically acceptable to appeal to mystery.
Contesting Social Welfare in Southeast Asia

Contesting Social Welfare in Southeast Asia
  • Andrew Rosser, John Murphy
  • Published online:
    10 June 2023
    Print publication:
    06 July 2023
  • This Element argues that Southeast Asia's failure to develop stronger social protection systems has been, at its root, a matter of politics and power. It has reflected the political dominance within the region of predatory and technocratic elements, and the relative weakness of progressive elements. From the mid-1980s, democratisation, the emergence of political entrepreneurs seeking to mobilise mass electoral support, and the occurrence of severe economic and social crises generated pressure on governments within the region to strengthen their social protection systems. But while such developments shifted policy in a more progressive direction, they have been insufficient to produce far-reaching change. Rather, they have produced a layering effect. Innovations have built upon pre-existing policy and institutional arrangements without fundamentally altering these arrangements, ensuring that social protection systems continue to have strong conservative, productivist and predatory attributes.
The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement

The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement
  • El-Hussein A Y Aly
  • Published online:
    10 June 2023
    Print publication:
    06 July 2023
  • To encompass the history of Arabic practice of translation, this Element re-defines translation as combination, a process of meaning-remaking that synthesizes multi reality. The Arabic translators of the Middle Ages did not simply find an equivalent to the source text but combined its meaning with their own knowledge and experience. Thus, part of translating a text was to add new thought to it. It implies a complex process that Homi Bhabha calls “cultural hybridity,” in which the target text combines knowledge of the source text with knowledge from the target culture, and the source text is different from the target text “without assumed or imposed hierarchy.” Arabic translations were a cultural hybridity because the translators added new thought to their target texts, and because saw their language as equal to the Greek.
Teaching Shakespeare and His Sisters

Teaching Shakespeare and His Sisters
  • An Embodied Approach
  • Emma Whipday
  • Published online:
    09 June 2023
    Print publication:
    13 July 2023
  • What are we teaching, when we teach Shakespeare? Today, the Shakespeare classroom is often also a rehearsal room; we teach Shakespeare plays as both literary texts and cues for theatrical performance. This Element explores the possibilities of an 'embodied' pedagogical approach as a tool to inform literary analysis. The first section offers an overview of the embodied approach, and how it might be applied to Shakespeare plays in a playhouse context. The second applies this framework to the play-making, performance, and story-telling of early modern women – 'Shakespeare's sisters' – as a form of feminist historical recovery. The third suggests how an embodied pedagogy might be possible digitally, in relation to online teaching. In so doing, this Element makes the case for an embodied pedagogy for teaching Shakespeare.
Redefining Development

Redefining Development
  • Resolving Complex Challenges in a Global Context
  • 2nd edition
  • Jessica Kritz
  • Published online:
    09 June 2023
    Print publication:
    06 July 2023
    • Element
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      • Open access
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  • In 2015, Old Fadama, the largest informal community in Accra, was a government 'no-go zone.' Armed guards accompanied a participatory action research team and stakeholders as they began an empirical research project. Their goals: resolve wicked problems, advance collaboration theory, and provide direct services to vulnerable beneficiaries. In three years, they designed a collaboration intervention based on rigorous evidence, Ghana's culture and data from 300 core stakeholders. Sanitation policy change transformed the community, and government began to collaborate freely. By 2022, the intervention was replicated in Accra, Kumasi and eleven rural communities, providing health services to more than 10,000 kayayei (women head porters) and addressing complex challenges for 15,000 direct and hundreds of thousands of indirect beneficiaries. This collaboration intervention improved community participation, changed policy, and redefined development in theory and practice. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Conservatives against the Tide

Conservatives against the Tide
  • The Rise of the Argentine PRO in Comparative Perspective
  • Gabriel Vommaro
  • Published online:
    08 June 2023
    Print publication:
    06 July 2023
  • This volume in the Elements series addresses the success of conservative parties in non-authoritarian contexts in contemporary Latin America. It places the core case of Argentina's Republican Proposal (PRO) party in comparative perspective with Argentina's Recrear and with Colombia's Democratic Center (CD) party and the Bolivia's Social Democratic Movement (MDS) in an effort to understand their differing degrees of success in adverse circumstances. Based on long-term research using a variety of methods, this Element shows that success has been driven by three factors: programmatic innovation by personalistic leaders; organizational mobilization of both core and noncore constituencies; and elite fear of the 'Venezuela model.'
Psychology's WEIRD Problems

Psychology's WEIRD Problems
  • Guilherme Sanches de Oliveira, Edward Baggs
  • Published online:
    06 June 2023
    Print publication:
    22 June 2023
    • Element
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      • Open access
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  • Psychology has a WEIRD problem. It is overly reliant on participants from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic societies. Over the last decade this problem has come to be widely acknowledged, yet there has been little progress toward making psychology more diverse. This Element proposes that the lack of progress can be explained by the fact that the original WEIRD critique was too narrow in scope. Rather than a single problem of a lack of diversity among research participants, there are at least four overlapping problems. Psychology is WEIRD not only in terms of who makes up its participant pool, but also in terms of its theoretical commitments, methodological assumptions, and institutional structures. Psychology as currently constituted is a fundamentally WEIRD enterprise. Coming to terms with this is necessary if we wish to make psychology relevant for all humanity. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Parts and Wholes

Parts and Wholes
  • Spatial to Modal
  • Meg Wallace
  • Published online:
    02 June 2023
    Print publication:
    29 June 2023
  • The Odd Universe Argument aims to show that from four intuitive assumptions about parts and wholes, we can conclude a priori that there is an odd number of things in the universe. This Element investigates how this is so and where things might have gone awry. Section 1 gives an overview of general methodology, basic mereology, and plural logic. Section 2 explores questions about the nature of composition and decomposition. Does composition always occur? Never? Sometimes? Is the universe, at rock bottom, just many partless bits (simples)? Or do the parts have parts all the way down (gunk)? Section 3 looks at arguments for and against the thesis that composition is identity, with a healthy bias in its favor. In the wake of this discussion, we reconsider our methods of counting. We conclude with a return to the odd universe argument and suggestions on how best to resist it.
Latent Modes of Nonlinear Flows

Latent Modes of Nonlinear Flows
  • A Koopman Theory Analysis
  • Ido Cohen, Guy Gilboa
  • Published online:
    31 May 2023
    Print publication:
    29 June 2023
  • Extracting the latent underlying structures of complex nonlinear local and nonlocal flows is essential for their analysis and modeling. In this Element the authors attempt to provide a consistent framework through Koopman theory and its related popular discrete approximation - dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). They investigate the conditions to perform appropriate linearization, dimensionality reduction and representation of flows in a highly general setting. The essential elements of this framework are Koopman eigenfunctions (KEFs) for which existence conditions are formulated. This is done by viewing the dynamic as a curve in state-space. These conditions lay the foundations for system reconstruction, global controllability, and observability for nonlinear dynamics. They examine the limitations of DMD through the analysis of Koopman theory and propose a new mode decomposition technique based on the typical time profile of the dynamics.
Business Model Innovation

Business Model Innovation
  • Strategic and Organizational Issues for Established Firms
  • Constantinos Markides
  • Published online:
    31 May 2023
    Print publication:
    29 June 2023
  • Digital technologies have allowed for the proliferation of new business models, something that has attracted the attention of academic research. Much of this research has focused on (i) understanding what a business model is and its theoretical connection to the concept of strategy, and (ii) exploring what business model innovation is and what its sources and outcomes are. Less work has gone into studying the issues that established firms face in business model innovation – such as how to respond to the arrival of a disruptive business model in one's industry, or how to compete with dual business models or how to migrate from one business model to another. This Element approaches the topic of business model innovation from the perspective of the established firm and examines the unique strategic and organizational issues that big, established companies face when a new business model enters their markets.
Climate Change Literacy

Climate Change Literacy
  • Julia Hoydis, Roman Bartosch, Jens Martin Gurr
  • Published online:
    30 May 2023
    Print publication:
    22 June 2023
    • Element
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  • This Element presents a necessary intervention within the rapidly expanding field of research in the environmental humanities on climate change and environmental literacy. In contrast to the dominant, science-centred literacy debates, which largely ignore the unique resources of the humanities, it asks: How does literary reading contribute to climate change communication? How does this contribution relate to recent demands for environmental and related literacies? Rather than reducing the function of literature to a more pleasurable form of information transfer or its affective dimension of evoking sympathy, climate change literacy thoroughly reassesses the cognitive, affective, and pedagogic potentials of literary writing. It does so by analysing a selection of popular climate novels and by demonstrating the role of fiction in fostering a more adequate understanding of, and response to, climate change. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Quality Control

Quality Control
  • Experiments on the Microfoundations of Retrospective Voting
  • Austin Ray Hart, J Scott Matthews
  • Published online:
    26 May 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
  • Conventional models of voting behavior depict individuals who judge governments for how the world unfolds during their time in office. This phenomenon of retrospective voting requires that individuals integrate and appraise streams of performance information over time. Yet past experimental studies short-circuit this 'integration-appraisal' process. In this Element, we develop a new framework for studying retrospective voting and present eleven experiments building on that framework. Notably, when we allow integration and appraisal to unfold freely, we find little support for models of 'blind retrospection.' Although we observe clear recency bias, we find respondents who are quick to appraise and who make reasonable use of information cues. Critically, they regularly employ benchmarking strategies to manage complex, variable, and even confounded streams of performance information. The results highlight the importance of centering the integration-appraisal challenge in both theoretical models and experimental designs and begin to uncover the cognitive foundations of retrospective voting.
Writing Banal Inequalities

Writing Banal Inequalities
  • How to Fabricate Stories Which Disrupt
  • Edited by Hannah Cowan, Alfonso Del Percio
  • Published online:
    26 May 2023
    Print publication:
    22 June 2023
  • In this Element, the authors write about the everyday production and experiences of banal inequality. Through a series of sections, each comprising of a blogpost written for Disruptive Inequalities, and a commentary from the author on the predicaments they encountered in the writing process, this Element shares, and confronts, the ways we fabricate stories and use writing to resist. It makes visible the choices, practices, and reflections that have led to the writing of our stories and offers the tools we have used to fabricate them, to all those who may find them meaningful to appropriate, adapt, and translate to fight the struggles that they want to fight. These tools are formulated in a way for writers to develop their own methods of storytelling and activism. The authors hope this Element contributes to an ongoing debate on how writing serves banal resistance.

Page 52 of 106