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2158 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 93 of 108

Institutional Memory as Storytelling

Institutional Memory as Storytelling
  • How Networked Government Remembers
  • Jack Corbett, Dennis Christian Grube, Heather Caroline Lovell, Rodney James Scott
  • Published online:
    03 December 2020
    Print publication:
    24 December 2020
  • How do bureaucracies remember? The conventional view is that institutional memory is static and singular, the sum of recorded files and learned procedures. There is a growing body of scholarship that suggests contemporary bureaucracies are failing at this core task. This Element argues that this diagnosis misses that memories are essentially dynamic stories. They reside with people and are thus dispersed across the array of actors that make up the differentiated polity. Drawing on four policy examples from four sectors (housing, energy, family violence and justice) in three countries (the UK, Australia and New Zealand), this Element argues that treating the way institutions remember as storytelling is both empirically salient and normatively desirable. It is concluded that the current conceptualisation of institutional memory needs to be recalibrated to fit the types of policy learning practices required by modern collaborative governance.
A Practitioner's Guide to Discrete-Time Yield Curve Modelling

A Practitioner's Guide to Discrete-Time Yield Curve Modelling
  • With Empirical Illustrations and MATLAB Examples
  • Ken Nyholm
  • Published online:
    03 December 2020
    Print publication:
    07 January 2021
  • This Element is intended for students and practitioners as a gentle and intuitive introduction to the field of discrete-time yield curve modelling. I strive to be as comprehensive as possible, while still adhering to the overall premise of putting a strong focus on practical applications. In addition to a thorough description of the Nelson-Siegel family of model, the Element contains a section on the intuitive relationship between P and Q measures, one on how the structure of a Nelson-Siegel model can be retained in the arbitrage-free framework, and a dedicated section that provides a detailed explanation for the Joslin, Singleton, and Zhu (2011) model.
Management and Governance of Intergovernmental Organizations

Management and Governance of Intergovernmental Organizations
  • Ryan Federo, Angel Saz-Carranza, Marc Esteve
  • Published online:
    03 December 2020
    Print publication:
    07 January 2021
  • What happens to intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) after their creation has remained in mystery over the years. Although the current globalized outlook has sparked new and growing interests on the role that IGOs play in the global landscape, the scholarship has largely focused on the political aspects of cooperation, primarily on how and why different IGO member states interact with each other and the outcomes associated with such cooperation. Research is yet to untangle how these organizations work and operate. This Element addresses this niche in the literature by delving into two important aspects: the management and governance of IGOs. We build on a four-year research program where we have collected three types of different data and produced several papers. Ultimately, the Element seeks to provide scholars with a description of the inner workings of IGOs, while providing guidance to policymakers on how to manage and govern them.
Religious Language

Religious Language
  • Olli-Pekka Vainio
  • Published online:
    02 December 2020
    Print publication:
    24 December 2020
  • What does it mean to use language religiously? How does religious language differ from our ordinary linguistic practices? Can religious language have meaning? Among others, these questions are part of the so-called problem of religious language, which originates from the peculiar object of many religious claims, that is, the transcendent, or more precisely, God.
Leading the Future of Technology

Leading the Future of Technology
  • The Vital Role of Accessible Technologies
  • Rebecca LaForgia
  • Published online:
    30 November 2020
    Print publication:
    04 February 2021
  • There is presently a view that accessible technologies offer an inclusive and humanistic expression of technology. They do. But that is not all. Accessible technologies offer more than this: they contain within them lessons on transformational leadership. Through examining six case studies the reader will begin to interpret these accessible technologies as expressions of leadership. The risk inherent in the current view is that to view accessible technologies only as examples of humanism, or the good, is to risk underselling them. In fact, accessible technologies (which are being created across international society) represent a powerful leadership approach to technology itself. Through their leadership, these accessible technologies demand and create new and original thinking by society. The reader will benefit from this Element by learning to identify transformational leadership within accessible technological creations and consequently gaining a capacity to apply this leadership to the very purposes of technology itself.
The Origins and Consequences of Property Rights

The Origins and Consequences of Property Rights
  • Austrian, Public Choice, and Institutional Economics Perspectives
  • Colin Harris, Meina Cai, Ilia Murtazashvili, Jennifer Brick Murtazashvili
  • Published online:
    30 November 2020
    Print publication:
    24 December 2020
  • Property rights are the rules governing ownership in society. This Element offers an analytical framework to understand the origins and consequences of property rights. It conceptualizes of the political economy of property rights as a concern with the follow questions: What explains the origins of economic and legal property rights? What are the consequences of different property rights institutions for wealth creation, conservation, and political order? Why do property institutions change? Why do legal reforms relating to property rights such as land redistribution and legal titling improve livelihoods in some contexts but not others? In analyzing property rights, the authors emphasize the complementarity of insights from a diversity of disciplinary perspectives, including Austrian economics, public choice, and institutional economics, including the Bloomington School of institutional analysis and political economy.
Monotheism and Faith in God

Monotheism and Faith in God
  • Ian G. Wallis
  • Published online:
    28 November 2020
    Print publication:
    24 December 2020
  • After offering a brief overview of the role of faith within Judaism, Christianity and Islam, an interdisciplinary analysis of faith, belief, belief systems and the act of believing is undertaken. The debate over the nature of doctrine between George Lindbeck and Alister McGrath brings into focus four ways in which beliefs can be employed: expressive, interpretative, formative and referential/relational. An analysis of monotheistic belief ensues which demonstrates how it can function meaningfully in each of these modes, including the last, where insights from phenomenology and relational ontology, as well as philosophical theology, favour a participatory approach in which God is encountered not as an object of investigation, but as that transcendent Other whose worship is the fulfilment of human being. The study concludes by highlighting convergences between the nature of faith presented in the initial scriptural overview and that developed throughout the rest of the study.
The Pyrite Trace Element Paleo-Ocean Chemistry Proxy

The Pyrite Trace Element Paleo-Ocean Chemistry Proxy
  • Daniel D. Gregory
  • Published online:
    28 November 2020
    Print publication:
    24 December 2020
  • The use of the trace element content of sedimentary pyrite as a proxy for the trace element composition of past oceans has recently emerged. The pyrite proxy has several potential advantages over bulk sample analysis: preservation through metamorphism; little dilution during analysis (samples are ablated not dissolved, allowing for the less abundant elements commonly held in the sulfide fraction to be investigated as proxies); accurate measurement of several elements simultaneously; the ability to screen sediments for hydrothermal overprint; and the technique can give information regarding trace element availably at multiple stages of diagenesis. Because of these multiple strengths, the pyrite trace element proxy is a valuable potential addition to the paleo-ocean chemistry tool kit.
Zombie Ideas

Zombie Ideas
  • Why Failed Policy Ideas Persist
  • Brainard Guy Peters, Maximilian Lennart Nagel
  • Published online:
    27 November 2020
    Print publication:
    24 December 2020
  • Ideas are important in shaping the policy choices of governments. But many ideas that have not been successful in the past continue to be used by policymakers, and some good ideas tend not to be adopted. This Element will focus on why governments make these poor policy choices. We will discuss a number of examples of 'zombie ideas' that refuse to die, and then discuss the factors that are associated with their survival. Those factors occur at the elite, the organizational and the societal level. We will also examine some 'ghost' ideas that may well be successful but have a difficult time being adopted, and the factors that are associated with the exclusion of these ideas from the policy process.
Settlers in Indian Country

Settlers in Indian Country
  • Sovereignty and Indigenous Power in Early America
  • Charles W. A. Prior
  • Published online:
    25 November 2020
    Print publication:
    17 December 2020
  • The aim of this Element is to foreground Native American conceptions of sovereignty and power in order to refine the place of settler colonialism in American colonial and early republican history. It argues that Indigenous concepts of sovereignty were rooted in complex metaphorical language, in historical understandings of alliance, and in mobility in a landscape of layered interconnections of power. Where some versions of the interpretive paradigm of settler colonialism emphasise the violent 'elimination of the native', this work reveals that diplomatic transactions between the Iroquois Confederacy and British colonial and imperial agents reveal a hybrid language of alliance, sovereignty and territory. These languages and concepts of inter-cultural diplomacy provide contexts that suggest a more nuanced and dynamic relationship between colonialism and Indigenous power.
Great War, Religious Dimensions

Great War, Religious Dimensions
  • Bobby Wintermute
  • Published online:
    24 November 2020
    Print publication:
    03 December 2020
  • The First World War was a transformative event, affecting international culture, economics, and geopolitics. Though often presented as the moment heralding a new secular era of modernity, in actuality the war experience was grounded in religious faith and ritual for many participants. This Element examines how religion was employed by the state to solicit support and civic participation, while also being subordinated to the strategic and operational demands of the combatant armies. Even as religion was employed to express dissent, it was also used as a coercive tool to ensure compliance with the wartime demands of the state on civilians.
Model Organisms

Model Organisms
  • Rachel A. Ankeny, Sabina Leonelli
  • Published online:
    24 November 2020
    Print publication:
    28 January 2021
    • Element
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  • This Element presents a philosophical exploration of the concept of the 'model organism' in contemporary biology. Thinking about model organisms enables us to examine how living organisms have been brought into the laboratory and used to gain a better understanding of biology, and to explore the research practices, commitments, and norms underlying this understanding. We contend that model organisms are key components of a distinctive way of doing research. We focus on what makes model organisms an important type of model, and how the use of these models has shaped biological knowledge, including how model organisms represent, how they are used as tools for intervention, and how the representational commitments linked to their use as models affect the research practices associated with them. This title is available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Ethnic Identities in the Land of the Pharaohs

Ethnic Identities in the Land of the Pharaohs
  • Past and Present Approaches in Egyptology
  • Uroš Matić
  • Published online:
    23 November 2020
    Print publication:
    17 December 2020
  • Ethnic Identities in the Land of the Pharaohs deals with ancient Egyptian concept of collective identity, various groups which inhabited the Egyptian Nile Valley and different approaches to ethnic identity in the last two hundred years of Egyptology. The aim is to present the dynamic processes of ethnogenesis of the inhabitants of the land of the pharaohs, and to place various approaches to ethnic identity in their broader scholarly and historical context. The dominant approach to ethnic identity in ancient Egypt is still based on culture historical method. This and other theoretically better framed approaches (e.g. instrumentalist approach, habitus, postcolonial approach, ethnogenesis, intersectionality) are discussed using numerous case studies from the 3rd millennium to the 1st century BC. Finally, this Element deals with recent impact of third science revolution on archaeological research on ethnic identity in ancient Egypt.
Global Climate Governance

Global Climate Governance
  • David Coen, Julia Kreienkamp, Tom Pegram
  • Published online:
    20 November 2020
    Print publication:
    17 December 2020
  • Climate change is one of the most daunting global policy challenges facing the international community in the 21st century. This Element takes stock of the current state of the global climate change regime, illuminating scope for policymaking and mobilizing collective action through networked governance at all scales, from the sub-national to the highest global level of political assembly. It provides an unusually comprehensive snapshot of policymaking within the regime created by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), bolstered by the 2015 Paris Agreement, as well as novel insight into how other formal and informal intergovernmental organizations relate to this regime, including a sophisticated EU policymaking and delivery apparatus, already dedicated to tackling climate change at the regional level. It further locates a highly diverse and numerous non-state actor constituency, from market actors to NGOs to city governors, all of whom have a crucial role to play.
Uniformity and Variability in the Indian English Accent

Uniformity and Variability in the Indian English Accent
  • Caroline R. Wiltshire
  • Published online:
    20 November 2020
    Print publication:
    17 December 2020
  • The sounds of Indian English are distinct and recognizable to outsiders, while insiders perceive variations in how English has developed in this large diverse population. What characteristics mark the unity? Which are clues to a speaker's origins or identity? This Element synthesizes research over the past fifty years and adds to it, focusing on selected features of consonants, vowels, and suprasegmentals (stress, intonation, rhythm) to understand the characteristics of Indian English accents and sources of its uniformity and variability. These accent features, perceptible by humans and discoverable by computational approaches, may be used in expressing identity, both local and pan-Indian.
Monotheism and the Rise of Science

Monotheism and the Rise of Science
  • J. L. Schellenberg
  • Published online:
    20 November 2020
    Print publication:
    17 December 2020
  • This Element traces the effects of science's rise on the cultural status of monotheism. Starting in the past, it shows how monotheism contributed to science's rise, and how, returning the favour, science provided aid and support, until fairly recently, for the continuing success of monotheism in the west. Turning to the present, the Element explores reasons for supposing that explanatorily, and even on an existential level, science is taking over monotheism's traditional roles in western culture. These reasons are found to be less powerful than is commonly supposed, though the existential challenge can be made effective when framed in an unusual and indirect manner. Finally, the Element considers how the relationship between science's high standing and the status of monotheism might appear in the future. Could something like monotheism rise again, and might science help it do so? The Element concludes that an affirmative answer is possible.
Digital Innovations in European Archaeology

Digital Innovations in European Archaeology
  • Kevin Garstki
  • Published online:
    16 November 2020
    Print publication:
    10 December 2020
  • European archaeologists in the last two decades have worked to integrate a wide range of emerging digital tools to enhance the recording, analysis, and dissemination of archaeological data. These techniques have expanded and altered the data collected by archaeologists as well as their interpretations. At the same time archaeologists have expanded the capabilities of using these data on a large scale, across platforms, regions, and time periods, utilising new and existing digital research infrastructures to enhance the scale of data used for archaeological interpretations. This Element discusses some of the most recent, innovative uses of these techniques in European archaeology at different stages of archaeological work. In addition to providing an overview of some of these techniques, it critically assesses these approaches and outlines the recent challenges to the discipline posed by self-reflexive use of these tools and advocacy for their open use in cultural heritage preservation and public engagement.
Global Spacetime Structure

Global Spacetime Structure
  • JB Manchak
  • Published online:
    13 November 2020
    Print publication:
    03 December 2020
  • This exploration of the global structure of spacetime within the context of general relativity examines the causal and singular structures of spacetime, revealing some of the curious possibilities that are compatible with the theory, such as 'time travel' and 'holes' of various types. Investigations into the epistemic and modal structures of spacetime highlight the difficulties in ruling out such possibilities, unlikely as they may seem at first. The upshot seems to be that what counts as a 'physically reasonable' spacetime structure in modern physics is far from clear.
Ecosemiotics

Ecosemiotics
  • The Study of Signs in Changing Ecologies
  • Timo Maran
  • Published online:
    13 November 2020
    Print publication:
    10 December 2020
  • This Element provides an accessible introduction to ecosemiotics and demonstrates its pertinence for the study of today's unstable culture-nature relations. Ecosemiotics can be defined as the study of sign processes responsible for ecological phenomena. The arguments in this Element are developed in three steps that take inspiration from both humanities and biological sciences: 1) Showing the diversity, reach and effects of sign-mediated relations in the natural environment from the level of a single individual up the functioning of the ecosystem. 2) Demonstrating numerous ways in which prelinguistic semiotic relations are part of culture and identifying detrimental environmental effects that self-contained and purely symbol-based sign systems, texts and discourses bring along. 3) Demonstrating how ecosemiotic analysis centred on models and modelling can effectively map relations between texts and the natural environment, or the lack thereof, and how this methodology can be used artistically to initiate environmentally friendly cultural forms and practices.
Kant and Global Distributive Justice

Kant and Global Distributive Justice
  • Sylvie Loriaux
  • Published online:
    13 November 2020
    Print publication:
    03 December 2020
  • This Element argues that although Kant's political thought does not tackle issues of global poverty and inequality head on, it nonetheless offers important conceptual and normative resources to think of our global socioeconomic duties. It delves into the Kantian duty to enter a rightful condition beyond the state and shows that a proper understanding of this duty not only leads us to acknowledge a duty of right to assist states that are unable to fulfil the core functions of a state, but also provides valuable hints at what just transnational trade relations and a just regulation of immigration should look like.

Page 93 of 108