The Bahá’í Faith was founded in 1863 in Persia and first publicly mentioned in the United States at the 1893 World’s Parliament of Religions. Growing throughout the first decades of the twentieth century, the germinal American Bahá’í communities established different periodicals with varied foci. The first American Bahá’í periodical to fall under the full aegis of American Bahá’í administrative control was the magazine, World Order (1935-1949). Bahá’ís and non-Bahá’ís published within it and, while not the explicit focus, made many attempts to merge, reconcile, debate, and apply Bahá’í scriptural imperatives and Bahá’í-informed perspectives to the social and spiritual problems of racial prejudice, inequality, segregation, and disunity. But their vast heterogeneity, and sometimes strange, divergent, and contradictory stances on the very definition of “race” together gesture toward the need to understand how, why, and which strategies and logics functioned to mutually constrain and enable the American Bahá’í discursive articulation of the “race” concept. Toward that end, I map the landscape of such discourse with attention to how race was simultaneously understood as both a “cultural” marker and a category like “caste”. I thus explore these discursive uses as they developed against the backdrop of the Great Depression, eugenic race science and its backlash, Aryanism in World War II, and the continued debate over Jim Crow, racial equality, and the scientific and religious connotations of the category of “race” itself.

In typical development, conventional metaphors are supposed to be stored as related senses within a single lexical entry, unlike homonyms, whose meanings are represented in separate entries. Autistic individuals often face challenges in understanding metaphors, raising the possibility that they process conventional metaphors more like homonyms—as unrelated meanings. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by comparing autistic and non-autistic adults on a lexical decision task involving both homonyms and conventional metaphors. We predicted that autistic participants would show inhibition effects (slower access) for both subordinate homonym meanings and metaphorical senses, while non-autistic participants would show inhibition only for homonyms. Our results partially confirmed these predictions. Non-autistic participants exhibited inhibition for both homonyms and conventional metaphors, suggesting that accessing metaphorical senses is more effortful than previously assumed. In autistic participants, metaphorical senses were even more difficult to access than subordinate homonym meanings and more difficult than for non-autistic participants. These findings indicate that autistic individuals experience particularly strong inhibition from the literal meaning when processing conventional metaphors, suggesting that these metaphorical senses may not be fully integrated as related senses in their mental lexicon.

Unilateral activities permeate almost every aspect of Donald Trump’s second presidency. While his use of these tools bears some resemblance to that of past presidents, he departs from established practices in two critical ways. The first difference concerns the sheer audacity of his actions. By employing unilateral directives with little regard for long-standing legal constraints, Trump—more than any of his predecessors—routinely and brazenly defies constitutional and statutory boundaries. Second, his unilateral actions reorient the traditional relationship between power and policy. Whereas past presidents viewed power as a means to advance policy, Trump routinely treats policies as staging grounds for redefining power relations.

Human choices are often both multi-dimensional and interactive. For example, a person deciding which of two immigrants is more worthy of admission to a country might weigh their education, and the weight placed on education may depend on other factors, such as their age, country of origin and employment history. We develop a response-adaptive experimental design that summarizes the range of effects of one attribute as a function of all other attributes. Our approach changes several aspects of the experimental design based on the ex ante choice to study the heterogeneous effects of one focal attribute (i.e., education). We update treatment assignment probabilities over the course of the experiment to search for the attribute vector at which the focal attribute has the most positive and most negative effects. By summarizing the full range of effects that exist, our approach complements existing approaches to conjoint experiments that typically aggregate over heterogeneity by marginalizing. We illustrate through two online experiments and provide customizable code infrastructure via a Docker container that other researchers can use to deploy adaptive randomization in online conjoint experiments.

Affective Events Theory explains how workplace emotions arise from discrete events and shape attitudes and behaviour. Drawing on a phenomenological study of 29 employees and 13 managers working within oversight saturated supervisory contexts in the post–Royal Commission Australian financial services sector, this paper extends Affective Events Theory by examining how affective experience unfolds when accountability is continuous, and discretion is constrained. Across dual-cohort findings, affect was not primarily anchored to identifiable events that resolved over time. Instead, participants described emotion as persistent and cumulative, produced through ambiguity and emotional restraint, and circulating across supervisory roles. Employees reported sustained interpretive effort directed towards reading tone, silence, and procedural communication, while managers described regulating emotional expression to remain defensible under accountability pressures. These findings specify boundary conditions for the episodic logic of Affective Events Theory, by explaining how affect may be conceived as a sustained condition in contexts with sustained oversight, with meaningful implications for workplace attitudes and behaviours and for managerial practice in highly regulated organisational environments where accountability and supervision are continuous.

Constraining the timing, provenance and paleogeographic relationships of Cretaceous karst bauxites in the Austroalpine realm remains challenging due to their highly weathered, polygenetic nature and the general lack of datable fossils. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data show consistent boehmite–hematite assemblages in the Alpine deposits, whereas the Transdanubian bauxites (Alsópere, Iharkút) additionally contain gibbsite. Heavy mineral spectra are dominated by the ultrastable zircon–rutile–tourmaline assemblage, with subordinate kyanite, sillimanite and Cr-spinel pointing to contributions from medium- to high-grade metamorphic and ultramafic sources. Detrital zircon U–Pb spectra record mostly Proterozoic, Cadomian, Caledonian, Variscan, and Permian age components with regional contrasts. The Northern Calcareous Alps are dominated by Variscan ages, while Permian signatures are more prominent in the Transdanubian Range. Santonian (∼85 Ma) zircons at Kufstein reflect distal aeolian input from the Banatite magmatism. Zircon (U–Th)/He data reveal distinct low-temperature histories of the sources: Russbach contains a 90–75 Ma cooling signal reflecting Eoalpine metamorphic core complexes, whereas Jurassic–Early Cretaceous ages from Iharkút indicate sourcing from Upper Austroalpine units. Statistical comparisons confirm clustering among Santonian deposits but reveal heterogeneity in Albian and Turonian sites. The data indicate that Northern Calcareous Alps and Transdanubian Range bauxites formed from geographically distinct yet lithologically similar sources, with the rising central Austroalpine nappes acting as a topographic divide. The results refine the timing of bauxitization in the Alps, showing that some deposits, such as Russbach, are younger than previously thought, and that bauxitization was diachronous and largely controlled by tectonics during the Cretaceous.

It may be time to “de-territorialize historical narratives of the United States.”1 As the premise of this special issue demonstrates, American history has long been told through a land-centered lens—one that treats water as a backdrop or boundary. Yet when we shift perspective to view the U.S. past through water or the shifting interface between land and water, familiar narratives transform. In some instances, literature and film have offered ways of reorienting our perceptions by giving water prominence over land as a driving force behind such narratives. Frank Herbert’s 1965 science-fiction classic Dune does just that (Figure 1). He centers attention on the fictional desert planet, Arrakis, as the axis of his story. This choice seems to place aridity and desolation at the heart of the book. As the only source of the highly coveted “spice”—a substance that can “bend space” to make galactic travel possible—Arrakis becomes a battleground for interstellar warfare. Below the surface of the planet, figuratively and literally, the indigenous population of desert-savvy Fremen stores untold quantities of water, contrary to the popular view that Fremen society is weak because it is environmentally vulnerable without a sufficient water supply. However, the potential of their water to remake Arrakis is their hidden power, possibly more so than the presence of spice.2

Drawing on Joseph Carens’s social membership theory, originally developed in immigration ethics, I transpose this temporal logic to organizational spheres. I argue that as employees accrue tenure, they “sink roots”, integrating into the firm’s cooperative structure and subjecting themselves to its governance. This sustained integration generates increasingly strong moral entitlements to participate in decision-making, analogous to how long-term residents acquire claims to citizenship. I use this temporal framework to address the boundary problem in workplace democracy, defend a graduated workplace franchise that prioritizes long-term employees over transient stakeholders, and criticize fissured employment structures that block such membership over time.

The introduction of advanced automation and human-artificial intelligence (AI) teaming is expected to permit more efficient use of airspace in the face of increasing air transport demand. Additionally, the development of next-generation aircraft to support net-zero has introduced more complexity into the future flight deck and informational requirements. This study evaluates a design for an ‘intelligent assistant’ system that could share tasks with the pilot during engine failure and pilot incapacitation events, promoting greater reliance on system interaction as workload increases. Four professional pilots were split into two groups to perform six and eight scenarios, respectively. The aim was to identify the task-related information for the designed system to promote transparency to the pilots. Three modalities varied across each scenario (visual, auditory and physical) to evaluate the combination of modality to increase pilot monitoring and interaction with the system. Analysis of participant feedback indicated key limitations to existing human-machine-interaction design, with current operational procedures creating disparity between the system and pilots’ authority to handle the scenario. Additionally, the use of audio narration was negatively received by participants, primarily due to the potential overlap between other audio stimuli, masking the perception of task-critical audio prompts and delaying critical flight tasks from being performed. Design considerations were generated for future ‘intelligent assistant’ systems, with further research required to understand the effect of each modality on pilot reliance on these ‘intelligent assistant’ systems.