Underweight is a serious health problem, particularly for women, because it increases the risk of osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, and low-birthweight infants. Evaluation of diet quality is important to understand whether dietary patterns differ in underweight women. This cross-sectional study assessed diet quality in Japanese women with underweight compared to those with normal weight. Data from 2977 Japanese women aged 20–79 who participated in a nationwide online survey were analyzed. Participants were categorized into underweight (body mass index [BMI] <18.5 kg/m2) and normal weight groups (BMI ≥18.5 to <25 kg/m²), using self-reported weight and height. Dietary information was collected using a short version of the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire. Diet quality was evaluated using the Healthy Eating Index 2015. Among the 2977 women analyzed, 637 (21.4%) were classified as underweight, while 2340 (78.6%) were classified as normal weight. Participants in nutrition- and health-related occupations accounted for 41.7% of participants. The mean total Healthy Eating Index 2015 score was similar between the underweight group (51.3) and the normal weight group (51.5) (P = 0.33). Among the component scores, only the mean score for total protein foods was significantly (P = 0.02) lower in the underweight group than in the normal weight group. The underweight group showed lower intakes of fish and shellfish and meat, but higher intakes of bread, pulses and nuts (all P <0.05). In conclusion, overall diet quality assessed by the Healthy Eating Index 2015 was similar between underweight and normal weight Japanese women.

We prove a strengthened form of a conjecture of Sun on a determinant attached to a binary quadratic form. Let $n>3$ and let $c,d\in \mathbb Z$. If n is composite, then

$$ \begin{align*} \det [(i^2+cij+dj^2)^{n-2}]_{0\leq i,j\leq n-1}\equiv 0 \pmod {n^2} \end{align*} $$

with no condition on c and d. If $n=p$ is prime, the same congruence holds whenever the Legendre symbol $({d}/{p})$ is $-1$. For composite n, a polynomial determinant is divisible by two Vandermonde factors; after specialisation, their product already yields the required square divisor. For prime $n=p$, we estimate the rank of the matrix modulo p. The required rank defect follows from a coefficient cancellation obtained from the involution $t\mapsto d/t$ on $\mathbb F_p^\times $ and the condition $({d}/{p})=-1$.

This data report introduces the L2 Spanish Listener Ratings Dataset (L2SLRD, https://osf.io/67nm4/) and comprises two main types of data: (a) second language (L2) oral data from English first language (L1) learners of L2 Spanish at varying proficiency from two institutions in the US (n = 42), and (b) listener ratings of that data from L1 Spanish speakers (n = 201). The data were initially collected to examine intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness in L2 Spanish, focusing on listener judgments of L2 speech, but have the potential to be used for a wide range of new analyses, particularly those focused on exploring listener characteristics that influence speech rating. After providing a thorough description of the dataset, including information about data collection waves, coding, preparation, and previous analyses on subsets, descriptive statistics are presented along with an example analysis that demonstrates just one of the many potential uses of the L2SLRD. We continue by providing suggestions for ways in which the dataset could be used for future inquiry both “as is” and with additional coding or data collection. We conclude with recommendations for researchers interested in sharing data publicly in the future based on our reflections on challenges faced while preparing this dataset.

This article examines the Nine Emperor Gods Festival as a site of religious transformation among Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, offering a lens through which to theorize how migration, memory, and marginality reshape ritual life. While the festival originated in Qing-era China, it was reconfigured across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries through colonial labor migration, local ritual innovation, and the institutional life of overseas Chinese organizations. Adopting a longue durée perspective, we trace the shifting identities of the Nine Emperors, also known in the diaspora as the Nine Emperor Gods, and their mother, the Dipper Matriarch, alongside the transformation of the festival’s ritual structure. We propose the concept of diasporic religious ecology to theorize how Southeast Asian Chinese communities reconstituted religious authority outside East Asia. These communities invoked China as a cultural origin while simultaneously rejecting its political legitimacy. The Nine Emperor Gods, often recognized as exiles, martyrs, or liminal figures, mediated these tensions: their ritual features became metaphors for the diaspora’s tenuous but enduring relationship with China. By treating the festival not as evidence of survival but as a method of reckoning with displacement, this study positions religious transformation as a medium through which exile, rupture, and authority are not merely remembered but actively reconceptualized.

This article identifies and analyzes a select body of climate litigation, framing such litigation as a decolonial approach to legal mobilization. Drawing on 58 cases filed between 2003 and 2023, we examine how certain climate lawsuits – spanning diverse jurisdictions, legal claims, and forums – articulate political projects grounded in historical struggles against colonialism, racial capitalism, and extractivism. Instead of adopting conventional typologies based on rights, torts or procedural elements, we propose a political lens attentive to the subaltern voices, contexts, and narratives that animate these cases. We identify commonalities across this litigation: racialized plaintiffs, three contexts of decolonial struggle (settler colonies, metropoles/(post)colonies, and global peripheries), and four distinctive types of decolonial claim. While these cases remain partially entangled with liberal legal frameworks, they nonetheless contest dominant climate governance paradigms and advance emancipatory visions of justice. We argue that these cases represent a tactical, albeit imperfect, intervention in the struggle for decolonial climate justice.

This article presents a preliminary study of the judicialization of unequal health impacts of climate change in climate litigation. Reviewing cases addressing unequal health impacts of climate change, the sample reveals that 60% of health-related cases involve intersectional dimensions, addressing health inequalities tied to gender, race, ethnicity, Indigeneity, or age. This serves as a departure point for a systematic content analysis of six transnational climate cases, analysing how plaintiffs use health-related scientific evidence and how judges respond to it in the first stage of judicial decisions. Results show that plaintiffs often present general scientific knowledge rather than specific evidence of intersecting vulnerabilities. While judges acknowledge these scientific claims, procedural dismissals limit opportunities for substantive engagement with intersectional health claims. These findings raise questions about the availability and strategic use of scientific evidence on intersecting vulnerabilities, and call for further research on the emerging phenomenon of health narratives and their normative and evidentiary value.

This article examines the chronicles composed by Meccan authors ʿIzz al-Dīn ibn Fahd and his son Jār Allāh ibn Fahd in order to trace continuities and transformations across the turn of the sixteenth century. Mecca’s reliance on donations of voluntary alms, especially the donations that were sent on a regular basis from the Mamluk and Ottoman sultans to sustain the population of the city, is well known. The Meccan chroniclers provide sufficient detail about these donations to show the growing impact of alms sent from Indian rulers—rice in particular is noted—starting at the end of the fifteenth century, which may also signal the more widespread consumption of rice in local cuisine. This development indicates a broadening of the scope of the Indian commerce in non-luxury goods and the reorientation of Mecca and the Hijaz within global commercial connections.

This article examines how linguistics instructors can invoke the concept of impact in preparing students for a career, arguing that this way of thinking underscores the value of identifying and articulating transferable skills in engaging with community to pursue meaningful challenges. Drawing on initiatives in the UK and US, the authors present models of embedding partnership building, applied projects, and reflective practices into teaching, from an Applied Sociolinguistics module to scalable interventions for classrooms and beyond. Finally, reframing career preparation as critical engagement with capitalism, the article explores how this lens brings focus to choicefulness in careers and students’ capacity to effect change through work.

Paediatric dysautonomia has become increasingly recognised in children and adolescents, particularly in the post-COVID era. Affected patients commonly present with dizziness, palpitations, exercise intolerance, fatigue, and syncope, although reported prevalence varies widely because of evolving definitions and heterogeneous referral patterns. Contemporary evidence suggests that post-COVID dysautonomia arises from complex interactions among central autonomic network dysfunction, neurovascular dysregulation, impaired venous return, endothelial injury, hypovolemia, and altered cerebral perfusion, with tachycardia often representing a compensatory physiological response rather than a primary cardiac abnormality. Clinical phenotypes include postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, neurocardiogenic syncope, orthostatic hypotension, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and undifferentiated orthostatic intolerance, frequently accompanied by fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, gastrointestinal symptoms, sleep disturbances, and post-exertional symptom exacerbation. Paediatric dysautonomia is best conceptualised as a distributed brain–heart–vascular network disorder that requires mechanistic understanding, standardised orthostatic assessment, and careful exclusion of structural heart disease and arrhythmia. The rapid expansion of specialised dysautonomia programmes and direct-to-consumer diagnostic pathways has also contributed to broader, and occasionally premature, application of autonomic diagnoses. Management should follow a stepwise, mechanism-guided approach emphasising patient education, trigger avoidance, hydration and salt optimisation, lower-body compression, individualised exercise rehabilitation, pacing strategies when post-exertional symptom exacerbation is present, school accommodations, and phenotype-directed pharmacotherapy for persistent functional impairment. Although post-COVID dysautonomia shares features with established paediatric autonomic disorders, important gaps remain in disease definitions, mechanistic understanding, and evidence-based treatment, underscoring the need for multidisciplinary care, standardised diagnostic frameworks, and prospective paediatric research.

Lew-Levy and Amir begin to identify mechanisms through which peer interactions can drive cultural change. We highlight an additional important mechanism: peer disagreement. We propose that the egalitarian and learning-oriented nature of peer disagreements prompts children to reflect on the limitations of their knowledge, and to evaluate and integrate competing perspectives, thereby providing fertile ground for the co-creation of new insights.

This paper examines the pleasant state of virtue in Kantian eudaimonism. I investigate how Kantian virtue can be eudaimonistic for finite agents, for whom conflict is never eliminated. I argue that the pleasant dimension of virtue is realized not through harmony between reason and sensibility but as a pleasant state that is structurally dependent on a negative sensible moment of displeasure for finite agents. Drawing on Kant’s account of rational feelings, I show how virtue’s pleasantness does not erase conflict but is instead intelligible within a non-harmonizing conflict model of Kantian eudaimonism – one that finite agents inevitably face.

Innovation does not occur in all environments. Rather, it is a cultural product of particular socioecological conditions, for example, schooling and commercial activity. Tool innovation is a product of cognitive development. It requires a developmental process that enables concrete cognition around age eight and abstract cognition in the teenage years. These conclusions arise from long-term study of textile production in a Maya community.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) medications are changing consumers’ appetites. Little is known about how GLP-1 use is associated with U.S. meal location choices and protein preferences. Using meal reporting from a consumer survey and a random parameters logit model, we examine associations between GLP-1 use, duration of use, meal location choices, and protein preferences. Results indicate that GLP-1 users differ substantially from non-users in their outlet choices, meal skipping rates, and certain protein preferences. These differences are most prominent among shorter-term users. Our findings highlight notable patronage patterns associated with GLP-1 use, with implications for food retailers and opportunities for foodservice.